Table 1.
Listing of neurotransmitter ligands and receptors present on immune cell populations
| Class | Subtype | Cell Types | Inflammation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Muscarinic acetylcholine | M1 Gq/11 | Dendritic cells (53) *mouse | ND |
| Monocytes (54) | ND | ||
| Alveolar macrophages (54) | No effect (55) | ||
| M2 Gi/o | Dendritic cells (53) *mouse | ND | |
| Monocytes (54) | No effect (54) | ||
| Alveolar macrophages (54) | No effect (54, 55) | ||
| Neutrophils (56) | ND | ||
| M3 Gq/11 | Dendritic cells (53) | ↓ TNFα (57) | |
| Monocytes (54) | No effect (54) | ||
| Alveolar macrophages (54, 58) | ↑LTB4, ↓NF-κB signaling (55) | ||
| M4 Gi/o | Dendritic cells (53) | ↓ TNFα (57) | |
| Monocytes (54) | ND | ||
| Neutrophils (56) | ND | ||
| Alveolar macrophages (54) | ND | ||
| M5 Gq/11 | Dendritic cells (53) | ↓ TNFα (57) | |
| Monocytes (54) | ND | ||
| Alveolar macrophages (54) | ND | ||
| Neutrophils (56) | ND | ||
| Nicotinic acetylcholine | α2 | Neutrophils (59) | ND |
| Dendritic cells (53) | ND | ||
| Monocytes (60) | ND | ||
| α3 | Neutrophils (59) | ND | |
| α4β2 | Neutrophils (59) | ND | |
| Alveolar macrophages (61) | ↓ IL-6, IL-12, TNFα (61) | ||
| α3β2 | Neutrophils (59) | ↑ IL-8 | |
| α4 | Neutrophils (59) | ↑ IL-8 | |
| α5 | Neutrophils (59) | ND | |
| Dendritic cells (53) | ND | ||
| Monocytes (60) | ND | ||
| α6 | Neutrophils (59) | ND | |
| Dendritic cells (53) | ND | ||
| Monocytes (60) | ND | ||
| α7 | Monocytes (62) | ↓ TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12 (63) | |
| Alveolar macrophages | ↓ TNFα, MIP2, HMGB1 (123) | ||
| Neutrophils (59, 62) | ↓ TNFα, MIP2, HMGB1 (123) | ||
| Dendritic cells (53) | Inhibit antigen processing (64) | ||
| α9 | Neutrophils (59) | ND | |
| Monocytes (60) | ↓TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12 (63) | ||
| α10 | Dendritic cells (53) | ND | |
| Monocytes (60) | ND | ||
| α Adrenergic | α1 | Monocytes (65) | ↑ IL-1β, ↑ p38 MAPK activation (66), ↑ complement (C2) synthesis (67), ↓ TNFα, IL-8, MIP1B (68) |
| Neutrophils (69) | ↑ proliferation (70) | ||
| Dendritic cells (71, 72) | ↓ mobility (71) | ||
| NK cells (73) | ↑ cytotoxicity (74) | ||
| α2 | Neutrophils (69) | NE (70) | |
| Dendritic cells (75) | ↑ mobility (71) | ||
| NK cells (73) | ↑ cytotoxicity (74) | ||
| α3 | Neutrophils (69) | ND | |
| β Adrenergic | β1 | Monocytes (76, 77) | ↑ cAMP, ↑ IL-1β (77) |
| Neutrophils (69) | Inhibition of migration (78) | ||
| Dendritic cells (75, 79) | ND | ||
| β2 | Alveolar macrophages (80) | ↓ TNFα, ↓ JNK phosphorylation (81, 82), ↑ IL-10 (82, 83) | |
| Monocytes (76) | ↓ TNFα, ↓ GM-CSF (84) | ||
| Neutrophils (85, 86) | ↓ IL-8 induced chemotaxis (86), ↓ netosis (87) | ||
| Dendritic cells (72, 75) | ↓ TNFα, ↑ IL-10 (83) | ||
| NK cells (73) | ↑ proliferation (88) | ||
| Eosinophils (89) | ↓ respiratory burst (90), LTC4 (91), No effect on degranulation (89) | ||
| Basophils (92) | Inhibit histamine release (93) | ||
| Mast cells (94) | ↓ histamine (95–97) / leukotriene (98) release | ||
| β3 | Neutrophils (69) | ND |
| Ligand | Receptor | Cell Types | Inflammation |
|---|---|---|---|
| SP | NK1R | Neutrophils (99) | ↑ MIP-1a, MIP-2, CCR1, CXCR2 (100) |
| NK cells (101) | ↓ cytotoxic activity, degranulation, ↓ phospho-ERK (102) | ||
| Monocytes (103) | ↑ NF-κB expression, NLRP3 (104) | ||
| Mast cells (105) | ↑ mast cell accumulation (106) Degranulation (105) | ||
| Dendritic cells (107) | Modulate T-cell proliferation (107), ↑ DC survival (108) | ||
| Cell type not specified | Pro-oncogenic (109) | ||
| NK2R | Airway dendritic cells (110, 111) | ↑ type I IFN expression (110) | |
| Airway eosinophils (112) | ↑ survival (113) | ||
| CGRP | RAMP1/CLR | Alveolar macrophages (114) | ↓ TNFα, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, ↓ pro-IL-1β (115) |
| Neutrophils (114) | Granule secretion (116) | ||
| Dendritic cells (117) | ↓CCR2 and CCR7 expression (118) | ||
| Monocytes (114) | ↓ MCP-1, TNFα, ↑ IL-6 (149) | ||
| Mast cells (150) | NE on degranulation (105) | ||
| Eosinophil precursors (151) | ↓ recruitment (152) |
ND, not detected.