. 2023 Jan 10;81:102330. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102330

Table 4.

Instrumental variable approach.

	Dependent variable: Unemployed
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
$Δ$ Mobility	–0.246***	–0.230**	–0.237**	–0.168***	–0.165***
	(0.039)	(0.098)	(0.101)	(0.048)	(0.047)
IT	–0.0192***	–0.00590	–0.00404	–0.00596	–0.00524
	(0.007)	(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.010)	(0.010)
IT * $Δ$ Mobility	0.0710***	0.188	0.223*	0.102*	0.0981*
	(0.024)	(0.117)	(0.134)	(0.059)	(0.058)

R-squared	0.00418	–0.00469	–0.00830	0.0111	0.0217
N	71,812	51,111	51,111	51,111	51,111
F-stat IT		29.59	28.13	15.63	15.69
F-stat Int.		9.189	7.468	24.62	24.58
P-value = OLS		0.317	0.255	0.600	0.641
Instrument		Routine 1980	Routine 1980	Routine 1980	Routine 1980
Controls			Pre UR	Pre UR	+Demographics
State FE				$✓$	$✓$

Results of a 2SLS estimation of

$\begin{matrix} U n e m p l o y e d_{i, t} = α + β_{1} Δ M o b i l i t y_{m s a (i), t} + β_{2} I T_{m s a (i)} + β_{3} Δ M o b i l i t y_{m s a (i, t)} * I T_{m s a (i)} + ϵ_{i, t} \end{matrix}$

where $U n e m p l o y e d_{i, t}$ is a dummy that equals one if the individual is unemployed in month $t$ , where t (April/May 2020) and zero otherwise. $Δ M o b i l i t y_{m s a (i), t}$ is the change in mobility in the MSA where the individual lives and $I T_{m s a (i)}$ is the level of IT adoption in the MSA where individual i lives. The endogenous regressor $I T_{m s a (i)}$ is instrumented with the routine employment share in 1980, and the endogenous regressor $I T_{m s a (i)} * Δ M o b i l i t y_{m s a (i), t}$ is instrumented with the product of the routine employment share in 1980 and the decline in mobility. Standard errors are clustered at the MSA level. The regressions are weighted by the assigned weight of the respondent. * $p < 0.1$ , ** $p < 0.05$ , *** $p < 0.01$ . See Section 3 and Section 5.1 for more details.