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. 2022 Aug 29;32(1):71–79. doi: 10.1007/s11136-022-03237-5

Table 2.

30-day quality of life (HRQoL) post PCI according to sex

Variable Total, n (%) Women, n (%) Men, n (%) Crude Adjustedb
OR (95% CI)a P value* OR (95% CI) P value*
HRQoL mobility
 No problem 731 (84.4) 216 (77.7) 515 (87.6) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Some problem 128 (14.8) 60 (21.6) 68 (11.6) 2.025 (1.393–2.943) < .001 1.818 (1.218–2.713) 0.003
 Unable to walk around 7 (0.8) 2 (0.7) 5 (0.9)
HRQoL personal care
 No problem 778 (89.9) 238 (85.6) 540 (91.8) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Some problem 76 (8.8) 35 (12.6) 41 (7.0) 1.891 (1.210–2.955) 0.005 1.590 (0.987–2.563) 0.057
 Unable to wash/dress self 12 (1.4) 5 (1.8) 7 (1.2)
HRQoL usual activity
 No problem 179 (20.7) 48 (17.3) 131 (22.3) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Some problem 667 (77.0) 221 (79.5) 446 (75.9) 1.374 (0.952–1.982) 0.09 1.193 (0.807–1.764) 0.377
 Unable to perform usual activities 20 (2.3) 9 (3.2) 11 (1.9)
HRQoL pain/discomfort
 No pain/discomfort 128 (14.8) 31 (11.2) 97 (16.5) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Mod pain/discomfort 696 (80.4) 227 (81.7) 469 (79.8) 1.574 (1.022–2.425) 0.04 1.360 (0.860–2.153) 0.189
 Extreme pain/discomfort 42 (4.8) 20 (7.2) 22 (3.7)
HRQoL anxiety/depression
 No anxiety/depression 729 (84.2) 228 (82.0) 501 (85.2) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)
 Mod anxiety/depression 132 (15.2) 50 (18.0) 82 (13.9) 1.263 (0.862–1.849) 0.23 1.180 (0.786–1.772) 0.424
 Extreme anxiety/depression 5 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 5 (0.9)
HRQoL EQ-5D Index Score, geometric means (95% CI)
 Crude 0.780 (0.770–0.790) 0.755 (0.738–0.773) 0.792 (0.779–0.805) 0.001
 Adjustedb NA 0.763 (0.744–0.781) 0.788 (0.775–0.801) 0.031
HRQoL own health state today (VAS), means (95% CI)
 Crude 69.69 (68.08–69.31) 68.26 (67.24–69.27) 69.77 (69.07–70.47) 0.016
 Adjustedb NA 68.64 (67.60–69.67) 69.59 (68.89–70.28) 0.144
 Effect size Cohen’s d: 0.175 ε2: 0.001

I confidence interval, OR odds ratio, NA not applicable, VAS visual analogue scale

*P for difference in point estimates between women and men based on multiple regression analysis

aThe main exposure was sex in which men were taken as the referent group; the outcome was each dimension of HRQoL, with a problem being defined as the combination of “some” and “extreme” category

bAdjusted for age, low-income, lower education, STEMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, previous CABG, previous PCI, left main disease