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. 2023 Jan 9;3:5. doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00231-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The effect sizes of the sub-analyses for the metabolites with significant association to DR + DKD. The sub-analyses are performed for the a risk factors of the complications and b the markers of the renal function by logistic regression. The boxes indicate the point estimates, and the error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. Number of the samples used for sub-analyses are following; Base, N_{DR + DKD} = 141, N_control = 159; +HbA1c, N_{DR + DKD} = 109, N_control = 112; +mBP, N_{DR + DKD} = 131, N_control = 132; +BMI, N_{DR + DKD} = 135, N_control = 147; +HbA1c+mBP+BMI, N_{DR + DKD} = 98, N_control = 93; +sCre and +eGFR, N_{DR + DKD} = 139, N_control = 157. BMI, body mass index; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DR diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; mBP, mean blood pressure; sCre, serum creatinine; T2D, type 2 diabetes.