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. 2023 Jan 9;13:403. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26318-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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^aAll cases identified from trauma registry with Head AIS 1–5, Thoracic/Abdominal AIS $\leq 1$ , and toxicology screen negative for opiates and cocaine, from Nov 2015–Jun 2018. ^bCases included if $\geq$ 30% of first hour continuous physiologic data was available for analysis. TBI = traumatic brain injury; LOS = hospital length of stay; ND = neurologic decline.