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. 2023 Jan 9;13:429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26845-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PC loadings and genetic correlations of E-factors. (a) Pearson correlations between the first 6 PCs and subject-specific grades in dataset 1 (i.e., based on exams conducted between 2002 and 2006; N=11,284); (b) Pearson correlations between the first 6 PCs and subject-specific grades in dataset 2 (i.e., based on exams conducted between 2007 and 2016; N=19,698); (c) Pairwise genetic correlations (r_g) between dataset 1 PCs and dataset 2 PCs estimated using GCTA bivariate GREML analysis; DG Danish grammar, DO Danish oral, DW Danish written, EO English oral, MO Math oral, MW Math written, MPS1 Math problem solving 1 (with help e.g., by using a calculator), MPS2 Math problem solving 2 (without help).