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. 2023 Jan 9;13:429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26845-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Genetic associations of E-factors with educational attainment and intelligence. (a) Genetic correlations (r_g) of the E-factors with educational attainment and intelligence estimated using bivariate LD score regression; (b,c) Associations of polygenic scores for educational attainment and intelligence with the E-factors. Standardised effect sizes (beta coefficient) are shown in (b) and variances explained (R²) are shown in (c). Star symbols indicate statistical significance after multiple testing corrections (P < 0.006).