Table 2.

Pioneering Clinical Trials of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs).

Cancer type	Phase	Result	Reference
Lung cancer	Phase II	In order to establish that dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) can be used as maintenance immunotherapy after first-line chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), a phase II trial was conducted, which confirmed the capacity of Dex to boost the natural killer cell arm of antitumor immunity in patients with NSCLC.	Besse et al47
Advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer	Phase I	A study was conducted to determine the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of autologous Dex loaded with tumor antigens in patients with NSCLC. Therapy was well tolerated and was completed by 9 of 13 patients. The formulations tested, were very well tolerated with just grade 1 and 2 side effects. Some patients experienced long-term stability of disease and activation of immune effectors.	Morse et al48
Colon cancer	Phase I	Ongoing	49
Malignant pleural effusion	Phase II	Ongoing	50
Lung cancer	Phase II	Ongoing	51
Ovarian, gastric, or colorectal cancer	Phase II	Ongoing	52