Table 3.
Association of risk-enhancing factors with any CAC progression in the MASALA study.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Family history of ASCVD (n = 313) | 1.46 (1.01 - 2.11) | 1.30 (0.88 - 1.90) | 1.23 (0.83 - 1.82) | 1.25 (0.78 - 2.02) |
| LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL (n = 47) | 1.07 (0.54 - 2.11) | 1.05 (0.46 - 2.43) | 0.85 (0.36 - 1.97) | 0.63 (0.23 - 1.76) |
| Triglycerides ≥ 175 mg/dL (n = 119) | 1.17 (0.73 - 1.87) | 0.99 (0.60 - 1.62) | 0.96 (0.58 - 1.59) | 1.13 (0.63 - 2.01) |
| Lp(a) > 50 mg/dL (n = 92) | 1.91 (1.12 - 3.28) | 1.83 (1.05 - 3.19) | 1.62 (0.92 - 2.83) | 1.83 (0.96 - 3.50) |
| hsCRP ≥ 2.0 mg/dL (n = 225) | 1.01 (0.68 - 1.49) | 0.78 (0.52 - 1.19) | 0.86 (0.56 - 1.31) | 1.08 (0.65 - 1.81) |
| CKD (n = 8) | 0.27 (0.05 - 1.57) | 0.20 (0.04 - 1.07) | 0.20 (0.03 - 1.12) | 0.14 (0.01 - 1.57) |
| MetS (n = 215) | 2.01 (1.34 - 3.00) | 1.11 (0.69 - 1.81) | 1.14 (0.70 - 1.87) | 1.14 (0.62 - 2.09) |
| Number of REFs | ||||
| 0 REF (n = 151) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 REF (n = 223) | 1.56 (0.94 - 2.59) | 1.42 (0.84 - 2.40) | 1.37 (0.80 - 2.32) | 1.51 (0.78 - 2.95) |
| 2 REFs (n = 164) | 1.69 (0.98 - 2.90) | 1.24 (0.70 - 2.18) | 1.22 (0.68 - 2.17) | 1.17 (0.56 - 2.42) |
| 3+ REFs (n = 144) | 2.43 (1.38 - 4.26) | 1.42 (0.76 - 2.66) | 1.31 (0.70 - 2.48) | 1.83 (0.84 - 3.97) |
| Per 1 additional REF | 1.28 (1.10 - 1.50) | 1.09 (0.91 - 1.30) | 1.07 (0.89 - 1.28) | 1.15 (0.92 - 1.43) |
| Low-risk adults (10-year ASCVD risk < 5%)a | ||||
| Number of REFs | ||||
| 0 REF (n = 100) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 REF (n = 128) | 1.42 (0.77 - 2.61) | 1.36 (0.72 - 2.58) | 1.21 (0.63 - 2.33) | 1.13 (0.48 - 2.67) |
| 2 REFs (n = 83) | 1.53 (0.77 - 3.01) | 1.23 (0.61 - 2.51) | 1.20 (0.58 - 2.49) | 0.89 (0.34 - 2.38) |
| 3+ REFs (n = 69) | 2.57 (1.26 - 5.24) | 1.72 (0.78 - 3.79) | 1.44 (0.64 - 3.25) | 1.93 (0.71 - 5.24) |
| Per 1 additional REF | 1.34 (1.10 - 1.64) | 1.18 (0.94 - 1.47) | 1.14 (0.91 - 1.44) | 1.20 (0.89 - 1.61) |
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) represent odds of any CAC progression (includes those with incident CAC and CAC progression at Exam 2) associated with presence of the REF or number of REFs.
Limited to participants with a low (<5%) 10-year ASCVD risk as defined by the Pooled Cohort Equations. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, education, income; Model 2: Model 1 + adjusted for ASCVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking status, total cholesterol); Model 3: Model 2 + adjusted for baseline statin use; Model 4: Model 3 + adjusted for baseline prevalent CAC. Bold indicates statistically significant with p<0.05. ABI: ankle-brachial index, ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, CKD: chronic kidney disease, hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, Lp(a): lipoprotein(a), MetS: metabolic syndrome. ABI not assessed individually due to small number of participants with ABI <0.9, this model was also limited by quasi separation, as all participants with ABI<0.9 had CAC progression.