Table 1.
The influence on anti-tumor immune stimulation in pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo models.
| Radionuclide | t 1/2 | Range (mm) | Drug | Model (tumor cell line or indication) | Immune response | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α | ||||||
| 213Bi | 45.6 min | 0.05 | 213Bi-BSA | Mouse vaccine (MC38) | T cells are essential for the antitumor effectDAMPs (Hsp70 and HMGB1) ↑DCs ↑ | 66 |
| 223Ra | 11.4 d | 0.05-0.08 | Xofigo | Cell (LNCaP, PC3, MDA-MB-231, ZR75-1, H441, H1703) | MHC-I and calreticulin ↑CD8+ T cell cytotoxic efficiency specific for MUC-1, brachyury, and CEA tumor antigens ↑ | 72 |
| Xofigo | Human (Prostate cancer) | PD-1 expressing EM CD8+ T cells ↓CD8+ T cells and their subsets (N.S.)CD27, CD28 or CTLA4-expressing T cells (N.S.)CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-13 (N.S.) | 73 | |||
| - | Human (Prostate cancer) | T cells that expressed ICOS, TIM-3, PD-L1, and PD-1 ↑Treg cells and MDSC ↑ | 74 | |||
| - | Human (Prostate cancer) | Abscopal effect IL-6 ↑ |
75 | |||
| 227Th | 18.7 d | BAY 2287411 | Cell (OVCAR-3) | DAMP markers (calreticulin, HSP70, HSP90, and HMGB1) ↑ | 76 | |
| 211At | 7.2 h | 0.05 | [211At]MM4 | Mouse (GL26) | Tumor-associated macrophages ↑CD4+ T cells ↑ | 77 |
| 211At-ATE-MnO2-BSA | Mouse (4T1, CT26) | CD80+CD86+ DCs ↑ | 78 | |||
| β | ||||||
| 90Y | 64.1 h | 5.3 |
90Y-labeled anti-CEA mAb |
Mouse (MC38-CEA+) | Fas ↑ | 81 |
| 90Y-NM600 | Cell (B78, MOC2) | IFNγ ↑ CTLA-4 of T cells ↑ | 83 | |||
| 90Y-NM600 | Mouse (EL4) | CD8+ T ↑ Treg cells ↓ |
82 | |||
| 90Y-NM600 | Mouse (B78) | CD11b+ and NK cells ↑ Effector T cells (CD8+) / suppressor Tregs (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) ↑ Vcam1, Fas and IFNβ ↑ cGAS/STING pathway activation was required for antitumor efficacy | 84 | |||
| 90Y radioembolization | Human (Colorectal cancer) | low levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) infiltration in tumor cancer islands before and after Y90 radioembolization (N.S.) | 85 | |||
| 131I | 8 d | 0.8 | - | Human (Thyroid cancer) | Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells increased ↑IL-17, IL-23, IL-10 and TGF-β1 ↑ | 88 |
| 131I-Cat-CpG/ALG | Mouse (4T1, CT26) | Effector memory T cells ↑ TNF-α and IFN-γ ↑ |
89 | |||
| 153Sm | 46.5 h | 0.4 | 153Sm-EDTMP | Cell (LNCaP) | Surface molecules (Fas, CEA, MUC-1, MHC class I, and ICAM-1) ↑ Antigen-specific CTL-mediated killing ↑ | 91 |
| 177Lu | 6.6 d | 0.62 | 177Lu-DOTATATE | Mouse (NCI-H727) | FasL+ CD49b+ NK cells ↑ | 93 |
| 177Lu-EB-RGD | Mouse (MC38) | CD45+/PD-L1+ and cd11b+/PDL1+ cells ↑ | 94 | |||
| 177Lu-DOTA-diZD | Mouse (4T1) | CD4+ and CD8+ cells ↑ | 95 | |||
| 188Re | 16.9 h | 3.1 | 188Re-6D2 | Mouse (A2058) | Complement C3 ↑ | 96 |
| 18F | 109.7 min | 2.39 | 2-[18F]FDG | Cell/Mouse (MC38, CT26) | PD-L1 ↑ | 97 |
| 64Cu | 12.7 h | 2.5 | 64Cu-DOTA-EB-cRGDfK | Cell (MC38, CT26) | PD-L1 ↑ | 99 |
DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; DCs: Dendritic cells; MHC-1: Major histocompability complex-1; MUC-1: mucin-1; CEA: Carcinoma embryonic antigen; N.S.: No significance; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell.