Table 2.
Summary of described immune effects by RPT.
| Classification | Description | Model (tumor cell line or indication) | Radionuclide | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAMP | Calreticulin, HSP70, HSP90, and HMGB1 ↑ | Cells (MC38, MDA-MB-231, ZR75-1, LNCaP, PC3, H1703, H441, OVCAR-3) | 223Ra 227Th 213Bi | 66, 72, 76 |
| Tumor surface | Fas, ICAM-1 ↑ | Cells (MC38-CEA+)/Mouse (B78) | 153Sm 90Y | 81, 84 |
| MHC-I ↑ | Cells (MC38, MDA-MB-231, ZR75-1, LNCaP, PC3, H1703, H441, OVCAR-3) | 233Ra 153Sm | 72, 91 | |
| Other TAAs (PSA, CEA and MUC-1) ↑ | Cells (LNCaP) | 153Sm | 91 | |
| PD-L1 ↑ | Cells/Mouse (MC38, CT26) | 18F 64Cu | 97, 99 | |
| T cells | T cells are essential for the antitumor effect | Mouse (MC38) | 213Bi | 66 |
| CTL ↑ | Mouse (EL4) | 90Y | 82 | |
| T cell cytotoxic efficiency ↑ | Cells (MC38, MDA-MB-231, ZR75-1, LNCaP, PC3, H1703, H441, OVCAR-3)/Mouse (MC38) | 213Bi 223Ra | 66, 72 | |
| Costimulatory molecules (ICOS and CTLA-4) ↑ | Cells (MC38-CEA+)/Human (Prostate cancer) | 223Ra 90Y | 74, 81 | |
| Effector memory T cells ↑ | Mouse (4T1, CT26) | 131I | 89 | |
| Th17 and Tc17 ↑ | Human (Thyroid cancer) | 131I | 88 | |
| CTL/Treg ↑ | Mouse (B78) | 90Y | 84 | |
| Treg ↓ | Mouse (EL4) | 90Y | 82 | |
| Treg ↑ | Human (Prostate cancer, thyroid cancer) | 223Ra 131I | 74, 88 | |
| Inhibitory molecules (PD-1) ↓ | Human (Prostate cancer) | 223Ra | 73 | |
| inhibitory molecules (PD-1 and Tim-3) ↑ | Mouse (MC38)/Human (Prostate cancer) | 223Ra 177Lu | 74, 94 | |
| Cytokine | IFNγ, IFNβ, IL-17, IL-23, IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-6, CXCL-10↑ | Mouse (B78, MOC2, 4T1, CT26)/Human (Thyroid cancer) | 90Y 131I | 83, 88, 89 |
| Other immune cells | DC, Innate myeloid, NK cells, and MDSC ↑ | Mouse (MC38, B78)/Human (Prostate cancer) | 213Bi 90Y 223Ra | 66, 74, 84 |
| Complement | Complement C3 ↑ | Mouse (A2058) | 188Re | 96 |
| cGAS/STING | cGAS/STING ↑ | Mouse (B78) | 90Y | 84 |
MHC-1: Major histocompability complex-1; TAAs: Tumor-associated antigens; PSA: Prostate-specific antigen; CEA: Carcinoma embryonic antigen; MUC-1: mucin-1; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC: Dendritic cell; NK: Natural killer; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell.