Figure 2.

Regulatory mechanisms involved in MQC in cell homeostasis and ICM. MQC directly or indirectly regulates cellular internal and external stress signaling pathways, affects the activity of cardiomyocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, and contributes to multiple pathological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and Ca²⁺ homeostasis disorders, as well as apoptotic/necroptotic processes.