Table 2.
Mechanism of MQC in ICM
| Mitochondrial Quality Control | Protein substrate |
Full name | Regulators | Target cell |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitochondrial fission | Drp1/DLP1 | Dynamin-related protein 1 | ERK (extracellular regulated protein kinases) | Cardiomyocytes/Cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) |
| Fis1 | Fission 1 | TBC1D15 (TBC domain family member 15) | Cardiomyocytes | |
| Mff | Mitochondrial fission factor | 1.Voltage-dependent anion channel 1/hexokinase 2 (HK2/VDAC1) 2. DUSP1 (Dual-specificity protein phosphatase1) |
Cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) | |
| Mitochondrial fusion | OPA1 | Optic Atrophy 1 | 1. TNFα receptor 2 (TNFR2) 2. AMPKα2 (AMP-activated protein kinase) |
Cardiomyocytes |
| Mfn1 | Mitofusin1 | DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunits (DNA-Pkcs) | Cardiomyocytes | |
| Mfn2 | Mitofusin2 | DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunits (DNA-Pkcs) | Cardiomyocytes | |
| Mitophagy (Receptor-dependent) |
FUNDC1 | FUN14 domain-containing 1 | 1. Serine/threonine kinase casein kinase2α (CK2α) 2. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) |
Cardiomyocytes/Cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) |
| BNIP3 | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 | 1. JNK(c-Jun N-terminal kinase) 2. Dual-specificity protein phosphatase1 (DUSP1) |
Cardiomyocytes | |
| NIX | Nip3-like protein X | |||
| Mitophagy (Receptor-independent) |
PINK1/Parkin | PTEN induced putative kinase 1 | AMP-activated protein kinase-α2 (AMPKα2) | Cardiomyocytes/Cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) |
| Mitochondrial biogenesis (Post-transcriptional regulation) | PGC-1 α/PPARγ | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ /Peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α | Cardiomyocytes | |
| NRF1/2 | Nuclear respiratory factor 1/2 | Cardiomyocytes | ||
| Mitochondrial biogenesis (Transcriptional- regulation) | TFAM | Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial | Cardiomyocytes |