Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| First Author, Year | Study Type | Study Period Years | No. of Hospitals (Unit Type/Hospital Type) | Intervention | Exceptions Allowed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Claeys, 2021 [25] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2013–2018 | 6 (inpatient/VHA) | Reflex urine culture | Provider override; special populations |
| Coughlin, 2020 [26] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2015–2017 | 3 (ED/academic; community; free-standing) | Reflex urine culture | Provider override |
| Demonchy, 2014 [27] | Quasi-experimental/treatment versus control versus treatment removal | 2012 | 3 (ED/academic) | EMR soft stop (Pop-up clinical guidelines) | Provider override |
| Epstein, 2016 [34] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2011–2013 | 1 (ICU/academic) | Reflex urine culture | Provider override; special populations |
| Eudaley, 2019 [28] | Quasi-experimental/single group pre-post comparison | 2017 | 1 (outpatient/academic) | Test interpretation and treatment guidance | Provider override |
| Howard-Anderson, 2020 [29] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2015–2018 | 3 (inpatient/academic; community) | Reflex urine culture | Special populations |
| Keller, 2018 [30] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2014–2016 | 1 (inpatient/academic) | Asymptomatic bacteriuria passive guidance | None |
| Lee, 2021 [35] | Quasi-experimental/single group pre-post comparison | 2018–2020 | 12 (inpatient; outpatient/academic; community) | Reflex urine culture | None |
| Lynch, 2020 [36] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2016–2018 | 3 (inpatient; ED; LTC/VHA) | Reflex urine culture | None |
| Munigala, 2018 [37] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2015 | 1 (ED/academic) | Reflex urine microscopy | Provider override |
| Munigala, 2019 [31] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2015–2017 | 1 (inpatient/academic) | Reflex urine culture | Special populations |
| Ourani, 2021 [32] | Quasi-experimental/single group pre-post comparison | 2020 | 1 (inpatient/academic) | Reflex urine culture | None |
| Sarg, 2016 [38] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2012–2013 | 1 (ICU/academic) | Reflex urine culture | Provider override; special populations |
| Watson, 2020 [33] | Quasi-experimental/interrupted time series | 2017–2019 | 5 (inpatient/academic; community) | Reflex urine culture | None |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; EMR, electronic medical record; ICU, intensive care unit; LTC, long-term care; VHA, Veterans’ Health Administration.