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. 2023 Jan 9;18:1. doi: 10.1186/s40793-023-00460-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Bacterial communities of bee symbionts (orange), invertebrate symbionts (pink), vertebrate symbionts (yellow), environmental bacteria (green), and pathogens (red) found in honey (A) and pollen (B) samples. Other bacteria from which only the genus was identified are indicated in blue, while those unclassified are represented in grey. The species-level analysis of the identified OTUs revealed: (i) Bee symbionts (orange) isolated from honey, pollen and honeybees, including Arsenophonus nasoniae, Bartonella apis, Bombilactobacillus mellis, Frischella perrara, Gilliamella apicola, Lactobacillus kunkeei, L. helsingborgensis, L. apis, Parasaccharibacter apium, Snodgrassella alvi, and Spiroplasma melliferum; (ii) Invertebrate symbionts (pink) found in other insects and nematods, including Commensalibacter intestine, Moraxella osloensis, Photorhabdus kayaii and Serratia symbiotica; (iii) Vertebrate symbionts (yellow) found in the skin and gut of birds, mammals and humans, including Acinetobacter pullicarnis, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Microbacterium hominis; (iv) Environmental bacteria (green) found in water, soil, plants, seeds, fruits, food and animal faeces, some of which may cause infections in plants and animals, such as Acinetobacter boissieri, A. chinensis, A. junii, Bacillus thuringiensis, Brevundimonas diminuta, B. mediterranea, Burkholderia cepacia, Cutibacterium acnes, Fructobacillus fructosus, F. tropaeoli, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Methyloversatilis discipulorum, Neokomagataea tanensis, Pantoea vagans, P. agglomerans, Pelomonas puraquae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. graminis, and Zymobacter palmae; (v) Pathogens (red) that cause diseases in plants, animals and humans, including Enterococcus faecalis, Lonsdalea britannica, Pseudomonas syringae, Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas campestris, and Yersinia mollaretii; and (vi) other bacteria (blue) representing vertebrate symbionts and environmental bacteria, including Acinetobacter, Erwinia, Fibrobacter, Mycoplasma, Pantoea, Prevotella, Ralstonia, and Undibacterium