Table 1.
The percentage of bee symbionts and environmental bacteria and their corresponding species and families that were detected in honey samples representing 24 beehives where different antimicrobials were used as a prophylactic measure or therapeutic treatment due to previous infestations or infections
| Sample | Bacterial communities | AM | INF | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symbionts | Species of symbionts (relative %) | Environm | Families of environmental bacteria (relative %) | |||
| 1H | 92 | L. kunkeei (97) | 8 | Erwiniaceae (88), Pseudomonadaceae (10) | − | − |
| 2H | 93 | L. kunkeei (97.4) | 9 | Erwiniaceae (60.4), Pseudomonadaceae (37) | − | − |
| 3H | 1 | P. apium (58.5), L. kunkeei (39.2) | 97 | Bacillaceae (99.2) | − | − |
| 4H | 0.5 | L. kunkeei (58.5), A. nasoniae (20.1), P. apium (12.5) | 99 | Bacillaceae (100) | − | − |
| 5H | 22 | P. apium (88), L. kunkeei (8.8) | 64 | Streptococcaceae (65.8), Propionibacteriaceae (30.4) | + | − |
| 6H | 55 | L. kunkeei (92.3), P. apium (6.5) | 43 | Erwiniaceae (85.4), Bacillaceae (8.6) | − | − |
| 7HA | 23 | L. kunkeei (55.7), A. nasoniae (28), P. apium (10.3) | 76 | Lactobacillaceae (47), Halomonadaceae (36), Propionibacteriaceae (13) | + | + |
| 7HB | 56 | A. nasoniae (97.3) | 43 | Erwiniaceae (55.4), Propionibacteriaceae (27.8) | + | + |
| 8HA | 86 | L. kunkeei (57.3), A. nasoniae (24.3), P. apium (17.9) | 13 | Erwiniaceae (78), Bacillaceae (9) | − | − |
| 8HB | 47 | L. kunkeei (84.2), P. apium (8) | 49 | Propionibacteriaceae (56), Erwiniaceae (23), Streptococcaceae (18) | − | − |
| 9HA | 5 | A. nasoniae (32.2), S. symbiotica (29), P. apium (11.4) | 5 | Erwiniaceae (65.9), Propionibacteriaceae (28.4) | + | + |
| 9HB | 27 | A. nasoniae (39.5), S. symbiotica (29.1), P. apium (5) | 40 | Erwiniaceae (94.1), Lactobacillaceae (3.1), Propionibacteriaceae (1.5) | + | + |
| 9HD | 5 | L. kunkeei (40.2), A. nasoniae (21.9), G. apicola (15.6) | 29 | Propionibacteriaceae (75.9), Erwiniaceae (7.5), Lactobacillaceae (6) | + | + |
| 10HA | 81 | L. kunkeei (90.9), P. apium (6.9) | 16 | Lactobacillaceae (34.8), Pseudomonadaceae (26), Erwiniaceae (20.8), Propionibacteriaceae (10.4) | + | − |
| 10HB | 48 | L. kunkeei (91.4), P. apium (7.3) | 51 | Erwiniaceae (82.8), Lactobacillaceae (9.3) | + | − |
| 10HC | 92 | L. kunkeei (72.9), P. apium (26.1) | 7 | Erwiniaceae (71.4), Lactobacillaceae (22.1) | + | − |
| 11HA | 12 | L. kunkeei (60), P. apium (33), A. nasoniae (5.4) | 66 | Propionibacteriaceae (62.2), Lactobacillaceae (25), Streptococcaceae (7.4) | + | + |
| 11HB | 55 | L. kunkeei (79.8), P. apium (17) A. nasoniae (2.7) | 42 | Erwiniaceae (48.4), Lactobacillaceae (40.8) | + | + |
| 12HA | 91 | L. kunkeei (81), B. apis (6.2) | 7 | Propionibacteriaceae (50), Erwiniaceae (33), Streptococcaceae (10) | − | − |
| 12HB | 83 | L. kunkeei (79.6), A. nasoniae (8.8) | 17 | Erwiniaceae (88), Pseudomonadaceae (7) | − | − |
| 13H | 21 | A. nasoniae (61.8), P. apium (17.4), L. kunkeei (14.6) | 66 | Pseudomonadaceae (69), Streptococcaceae (13.2), Erwiniaceae (12.9), Propionibacteriaceae (9.1) | + | − |
| 14HA | 35 | L. kunkeei (69.9), P. apium (16), A. nasoniae (8.4) | 59 | Erwiniaceae (72.4), Lactobacillaceae (12.8) | + | + |
| 14HB | 36 | L. kunkeei (68.9), P. apium (16.6), A. nasoniae (9.2) | 59 | Erwiniaceae (73.1), Lactobacillaceae (13.3) | + | + |
| 15H | 9 | L. kunkeei (81.5), P. apium (14.6), A. nasoniae (3.3) | 77 | Streptococcaceae (75.5), Propionibacteriaceae (14.7) | + | + |
The relative % of symbionts and environmental bacteria refer to their total % and the species and families indicated in the table were selected from the groups established in Fig. 3 (symbionts of bees and insects in orange and pink, and environmental bacteria in green). The symbiotic species include Lactobacillus kunkeei, Parasaccharibacter apium, Arsenophonus nasoniae, Serratia symbiotica, Gilliamella apicola, and Bartonella apis, while families of environmental bacteria are represented by the following species: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillaceae), Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacteriaceae), Fructobacillus fructosus, F. tropaeola, Lactobacillus salivarius, Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Lactobacillaceae), Lactococcus lactis (Streptococcaceae), Pantoea agglomerans, P. vagans (Erwiniacea), Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. graminis (Pseudomonadaceae), Zymobacter palmae (Halomonadaceae). AM (Antimicrobials), INF (Infestation and/or infection)