Table 2.
Responsive biomaterials and bioinks for 3D printing of smart constructs.
| Stimuli | Materials | Responses | Fabrication methods | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | PLA/PCL/SOEA | Shape-morphing | FDM | Muscle tissue engineering[165] |
|
| ||||
| Polyurethane | Shape-morphing | Microextrusion | Scaffolds for tissue engineering[166] | |
|
| ||||
| PLA/hydroxyapatite | Shape-morphing | Microextrusion | Bone tissue repair[167] | |
|
| ||||
| SOEA | Shape-morphing | SLA | Muscle tissue engineering[168] | |
|
| ||||
| SOEA | Shape-morphing | SLA | Cardiac tissue repair[169] | |
|
| ||||
| pH | mPEG-silane | Programming release kinetics | Microextrusion | Protein delivery for bone repair[170] |
|
| ||||
| Polyvinylpyrrolidone | Programming release kinetics | FDM | Producing delayed release tablets[171] | |
|
| ||||
| Hydrogel-based dressing | Programming release kinetics | Microextrusion | Biosensor for monitoring pH of the wound[172] | |
|
| ||||
| Single-walled carbon nanotubes | Changing resistance values | Inkjet printing | Biosensor to measure the change in pH and fluid content in a wound[144] | |
|
| ||||
| Electricity | Pluronic F127 and aniline tetramer-grafted-polyethyleneimine | Changing the conductivity | Microextrusion | Muscle, cardiac, and nerve tissue repair[147] |
|
| ||||
| Graphene/Poly (trimethylene Carbonate) | Changing the conductivity | Microextrusion | Developing scaffolds for tissue engineering[173] | |
|
| ||||
| Light | Polyurethane | Shape-morphing | FDM | Soft robotics[174] |
|
| ||||
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid/plasmonic gold nanorods | Programming release kinetics | Microextrusion | Programmable Release Capsules[175] | |
|
| ||||
| Alginate/polydopamine | Shape-morphing | Microextrusion | Artificial tissues and organs[13] | |
|
| ||||
| Magnetic field | PLA/Fe3O4 | Shape-morphing | Microextrusion | Intravascular stent[176] |
|
| ||||
| Fe3O4/bioactive glass/PCL | Programming release kinetics | Microextrusion | Local anticancer drug delivery[177] | |
|
| ||||
| PCL/iron-doped hydroxyapatite | Changing cells behaviors | Microextrusion | Bone regeneration[178] | |
|
| ||||
| Collagen/agarose | Alignment of collagen fibers | Inkjet printing | Cartilage tissue engineering[179] | |
|
| ||||
| Ultrasound | Alginate | Programming release kinetics | Microextrusion | Drug delivery[106] |
|
| ||||
| Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine peptide/nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite | Changing cells behaviors | SLA | Bone regeneration[180] | |
SOEA: Soybean oil epoxidized acrylate