Table 1.

Additive biomanufacturing techniques and their main characteristics.

AB techniques	Material jetting		Material extrusion	Vat photo polymerization
	Inkjet bioprinting	Laser-assisted bioprinting
Advantages	• High deposition resolution; • High printing accuracy • Low cost	• Higher printing resolution (resolution: micron level) • High-throughput printing (up to 5000 droplets deposited per second) • Able to achieve in situ printing.	• Large variety of material types and viscosities	• Superior resolution in the nanoscale region (~100 nm) • Highly complex surface topology • Hierarchical structures and high-resolution cell patterning
Disadvantages	• Nozzle clogging • Low bioink viscosity • High possibility of cell sedimentation	• Limited productivity and printing efficiency • High cost • Small number of biomaterials that can be transferred in each laser pulse	• Nozzle clogging • Low printing resolution • Low cell viability due to pressure drop	• Cell sedimentation effect resulting in poor cell homogeneity • High cost