Table 3.
Genetically Modified pSTs
| Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product | Method | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TCR-redirected | TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (CMV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic CMV TCR | Shub et al169 |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (CMV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic CMV TCR | Wang et al168 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HBV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HBV TCR | Gehring et al174 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HBV-STs) | Knock in of a transgenic HBV TCR by electroporation | Meng et al172 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HBV-STs) | Knock in of a transgenic HBV TCR | Qasim et al170 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HCV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HCV TCR | Zhang et al164 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HIV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HIV TCR | Varela-Rohena et al167 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HIV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HIV TCR | Joseph et al166 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HPV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HPV TCR | Doran et al175 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HPV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HPV TCR | Jin et al173 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HPV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic HPV TCR | Nagarsheth et al171 | |
| TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (EBV-STs) | Vector-mediated knock in of a transgenic EBV TCR | Zhang et al176 | |
| Drug-resistant | Tacrolimus-resistant single-targeting VSTs (EBV-STs) | FKBP12 knock down using small interfering RNA (siRNA) | De Angelis et al177 |
| Calcineurin inhibitors-resistant single-targeting VSTs (EBV-STs) | Retroviral transduction with a calcineurin mutant | Brewin et al178 | |
| Calcineurin inhibitors-resistant single-targeting VSTs (EBV-STs) | IFN-γ secreting EBV-CTLs and retroviral transduction with a calcineurin mutant | Richiardeli et al179 | |
| Glucocorticoid-resistant single-targeting VSTs (CMV-STs) | TALEN-mediated glucocorticoid receptor inactivation | Menger et al180 | |
| Glucocorticoid-resistant single-targeting VSTs (CMV-STs) | CRISPR-mediated glucocorticoid receptor inactivation | Kaeufferle et al181 | |
| Glucocorticoid-resistant multitargeting VSTs (CMV-, BKV-, AdV-STs) | CRISPR-mediated glucocorticoid receptor inactivation | Basar et al182 | |
| Glucocorticoid-resistant multitargeting pSTs (CMV-, EBV-, AdV-, BKV-, AF-STs) | CRISPR-mediated glucocorticoid receptor inactivation | Koukoulias et al183 | |
| Tacrolimus-resistant single-targeting VSTs (CMV-STs) | CRISPR-mediated FKBP12 knock out | Amini et al184 | |
| Tacrolimus and MMF- transiently resistant TCR-transgenic single-targeting VSTs (HBV-STs or EBV-STs) | Electroporation of HBV-TCR or EBV-TCR mRNA and siRNA to knockdown FKPB1A | Hafezi et al185 | |
| Glucocorticoid-resistant single-targeting VSTs (CoV-2-STs) | CRISPR-mediated GR inactivation | Basar et al186 | |
| Tacrolimus-resistant single-targeting VSTs (CoV-2-STs) | CRISPR-mediated FKBP12 knock | Peter et al187 | |
| CAR-Ts specific for pathogens | AF-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward carbohydrate | Kumaresan et al188 |
| CMV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward CMV glycoprotein B | Full et al189 | |
| CMV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward several proteins of CMV | Ali et al190 | |
| EBV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward EBV LMP1 | Tang et al191 | |
| HBV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward HBV S or L protein | Bohne et al192 | |
| HBV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward HBV S protein | Krebs et al193 | |
| HCV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward HCV E2 glycoprotein | Sautto et al194 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | HIV-specific T cells | Walker et al195 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward HIV env | Mitsuyasu et al196 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | T cells redirected through CAR toward HIVgp120 | Deeks et al197 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | HIV-resistant T cells redirected through CAR toward HIV | Hale et al198 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | Broadly neutralizing antibody-derived (bNAb-derived) CAR T-cell therapy | Liu et al199 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | Multi-specific anti-HIV duoCARs | Anthony-Gonda et al200 | |
| HIV-CAR-Ts | Re-engineered CD4-based | Leibman et al201 | |
| pSTs coupled with a CAR | EBV-STs armed with CAR-Ts | Proof of principle for ex vivo expanded EBV-STS armed with a 1st generation GD2 (disialoganglioside)-CAR | Rossig et al202 |
| EBV-STs armed with CAR-Ts | Ex vivo expanded EBV-STS armed with a 1st generation CD30-CAR | Savoldo et al203 | |
| Patient-derived tri-VSTs armed with CAR-Ts | Ex vivo expanded tri-VSTs (EBV-, CMV-, AdV-STs) armed with a 1st generation GD2 (disialoganglioside)-CAR | Pule et al204 | |
| HCT donor-derived tri-VSTs armed with CAR-Ts | Ex vivo expanded tri-VSTs (EBV-, CMV-, AdV-STs) armed with a 2nd generation CD19-CAR | Cruz et al205 | |
| tri-VSTs armed with CAR-Ts | Ex vivo expanded tri-VSTs (EBV-, CMV-, AdV-STs) armed with a 1st generation GD2 (disialoganglioside)-CAR | Sun et al206 | |
| CMV-STs armed with CAR-Ts | IFN-γ capture-enriched CMV-STs armed with a 2nd generation CD19-CAR and combined with a CMV vaccine | Wang et al207 | |
| HCT donor-EBV-STs armed with CAR-Ts | Ex vivo expanded EBV-STS armed with a 1st generation CD30-CAR | Rossig et al208 | |
| HCT donor-derived tri-VSTs armed with CAR-Ts | Ex vivo expanded tri-VSTs (EBV-, CMV-, AdV-STs) armed with a 2nd generation CD19-CAR | Lapteva et al209 | |
| CMV-CD19 CAR-Ts | IFN-γ capture enriched CMV-STs armed with a 2nd generation CD19-CAR | Wang et al210 |
AdV = adenovirus; AF = Aspergillus fumigatus; BKV = BK virus; CAR-Ts = chimeric antigen receptor T cells; CMV = cytomegalovirus; EBV = Epstein-Barr virus; HHV6 = human herpesvirus 6; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; hMPV = human metapneumovirus; HPV = human papillomavirus; HPIV3 = human parainfluenza virus-3; HSV-1 = herpes simplex virus type 1; IFN-γ = interferon-γ; MCPyV = Merkel cell polyomavirus; PIV = parainfluenza virus; RSV = respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; VZV = varicella zoster.