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. 2022 Nov 20;24(2):123–141. doi: 10.1111/mpp.13280

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

VqNSTS4 transgenic Vitis vinifera lines exhibit disease resistance resulting from the accumulation of internal stilbene and the expression of resistance genes. (a) Photograph of VqNSTS4 transgenic lines and wild‐type Thompson Seedless before Uncinula necator inoculation. Bars = 1 cm. (b) Photograph of leaves of VqNSTS4 transgenic lines and wild‐type Thompson Seedless at 7 days postinoculation (dpi). Bars = 1 cm. (c) Trypan blue staining and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining show the hyphal growth of U. necator and H2O2 accumulation at 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi. c, conidium; ap, appressorium; ph, primary hypha; sh, secondary hypha. Bars = 100 μm. (d) Scanning electron micrographs of the hyphae and appressoria (ap) of U. necator in VqNSTS4 transgenic lines and wild‐type Thompson Seedless. Upper figures, bars = 100 μm; lower figures, bars = 20 μm. (e) Aniline blue staining showing callose depositions in U. necator‐infected epidermal cells at 7 dpi. Bars = 50 μm. (f) Quantification of spores per mg fresh leaves from VqNSTS4 transgenic lines and wild‐type Thompson Seedless at 7 dpi. (g) Determination of five stilbene contents in the leaves of VqNSTS4 transgenic mutants and wild‐type Thompson Seedless at 7 dpi. (h) Free salicylic acid (SA) content in the leaves of VqNSTS4 transgenic lines and wild‐type Thompson Seedless at 0 dpi and 7 dpi. (i–k) Reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR analysis was conducted to determine the relative transcript levels of SA‐related genes in VqNSTS4 transgenic lines following U. necator inoculation. WT, wild‐type Thompson Seedless. The standard deviation (SD) was calculated from three independent replicates. One‐way analysis of variance (Tukey's test) was carried out. Asterisks indicate significant differences at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.