. 2023 Jan 3;2023:4125885. doi: 10.1155/2023/4125885

Table 1.

Antibacterial activity of the flower and leaf oils of H. revolutum.

Bacterial strain	EOs extract	Concentration and inhibition zone diameter (mm)				Standard (0.05% w/v)
Bacterial strain	EOs extract	12.5% v/v	25% v/v	50% v/v	100% v/v	Standard (0.05% w/v)
MRSA	FL	12.00 ± 0.00^b_A	14.00 ± 0.58^b_A	14.67 ± 0.67^b_B	27.33 ± 0.33^a_A	29.70 ± 1.20^a_A
MRSA	LF	13.00 ± 1.00^c_A	15.00 ± 0.58^bc_A	17.33 ± 0.67^b_A	28.00 ± 0.58^a_A	29.70 ± 1.20^a_A

S. aureus (ATCC 12393)	FL	10.33 ± 0.33^d_A	14.00 ± 0.58^c_A	15.67 ± 0.33^c_A	28.67 ± 0.88^b_A	31.61 ± 0.27^a_A
S. aureus (ATCC 12393)	LF	11.67 ± 0.33^c_A	15.00 ± 0.58^b_A	16.67 ± 0.88^b_A	32.00 ± 1.00^a_A	31.61 ± 0.27^a_A

A. baumannii (ATTC 19606)	FL	12.00 ± 0.00^da_A	13.33 ± 0.33^cd_A	14.67 ± 0.33^c_A	31.33 ± 0.88^b_B	38.30 ± 0.35^a_A
A. baumannii (ATTC 19606)	LF	12.00 ± 0.00^c_A	13.33 ± 0.33^bc_A	15.33 ± 0.33^b_A	36.67 ± 0.88^a_A	38.30 ± 0.35^a_A

S. enteritidis (NCTC12023)	FL	10.67 ± 0.33^d_A	11.33 ± 0.33^d_A	15.00 ± 0.00^c_A	22.67 ± 0.33^b_A	30.30 ± 0.69^a_A
S. enteritidis (NCTC12023)	LF	11.00 ± 0.58^d_A	12.00 ± 0.00^d_A	15.33 ± 0.33^c_A	25.00 ± 0.58^b_A	30.30 ± 0.69^a_A

S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028)	FL	10.00 ± 0.00^d_A	12.00 ± 0.58^cd_A	14.00 ± 0.00^c_A	22.33 ± 0.67^b_A	28.63 ± 0.60^a_A
S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028)	LF	10.33 ± 0.33^d_A	12.33 ± 0.67^cd_A	14.00 ± 0.58^c_A	23.00 ± 0.58^b_A	28.63 ± 0.60^a_A

P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)	FL	11.00 ± 0.58^c_A	12.00 ± 0.00^c_A	13.68 ± 0.33^c_A	20.67 ± 0.33^b_A	30.00 ± 1.50^a_A
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)	LF	11.33 ± 0.33^c_A	12.33 ± 0.33^c_A	14.67 ± 0.33^c_A	20.67 ± 0.33^b_A	30.00 ± 1.50^a_A

E. coli (ATCC 25922)	FL	11.00 ± 0.00^d_A	11.67 ± 0.33^d_A	13.67 ± 0.33^c_A	20.67 ± 0.33^b_A	39.30 ± 0.35^a_A
E. coli (ATCC 25922)	LF	11.33 ± 0.33^d_A	12.67 ± 0.33^cd_A	14.00 ± 0.00^c_A	21.67 ± 0.33^b_A	39.30 ± 0.35^a_A

H. influenzae (ATCC 49766)	FL	12.33 ± 0.33^c_A	14.33 ± 0.33^c_A	19.33 ± 0.67^b_A	28.33 ± 0.88^a_A	29.00 ± 0.00^a_A
H. influenzae (ATCC 49766)	LF	12.67 ± 0.33^c_A	14.67 ± 0.33^c_A	21.33 ± 0.88^b_A	29.33 ± 1.20^a_A	29.00 ± 0.00^a_A

Values are presented as $\bar{x} \pm S E M$ for three replicates. Means with dissimilar superscript lower-case alphabets within the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Turkey's post hoc test), whereas means with dissimilar subscript uppercase alphabets within the same bacterial strain and concentration are significantly different (P < 0.05; independent student's t-test statistic). Eos: essential oils; FL: flower oil extract of H. revolutum; LF: leaf oil extract of H. revolutum; MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus: standard ciprofloxacin (0.05% w/v) and ZI for the negative control = 0 mm.