TABLE 2.

Major studies on geriatric assessment and perioperative outcomes in gastrointestinal tract cancers

Author (year)	Study cohort	Geriatric assessment tool/cut‐off value (% of frail patients)	Postoperative complications	Postoperative mortality	Length of hospital stay	Patient survival
Gastric cancer
Tanaka et al (2019)	Gastric cancer Age: ≥80 years n = 96 Elective resection	Clinical Frailty Scale Score ≥5 (n = 17, 18%)	NS	NS	NS	↓ OS: HR 3.4 (95%CI, 1.4‐8.2) CSS: HR 4.0 (95%CI, 1.2‐13.3)
Colorectal cancer
Tamura et al (2021)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥65 years n = 500 Elective resection	Kihon Checklist Score ≥8 (n = 164, 33%)	↑ (CD ≥I, 28% vs 15%, P = 0.001)	–	–	–
Bessems et al (2021)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥70 years n = 149 Elective resection	Geriatric‐8 and 4‐m gait speed test Score ≤14 and/or 4MGST <1 m/s (n = 53, 36%)	↑ (CD ≥I, 62% vs 28%, P < 0.001)	NS	↑ (9 days vs 8 days, P = 0.009)	–
Mima et al (2020)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥18 years n = 729 Elective resection	Clinical Frailty Scale Score ≥4 (n = 253, 35%)	NS	NS	–	↓ OS: HR 2.0 (95%CI, 1.4‐3.0) RFS: HR 1.7 (95%CI, 1.3‐2.3)
Okabe et al (2019)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥65 years n = 269 Elective resection	Clinical Frailty Scale Score ≥4 (n = 78, 29%)	↑ (CD III/IV, 23% vs 8%, P = 0.001)	NS	↑ (13 days vs 10 days, P < 0.001)	–
Fagard et al (2017)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥70 years n = 190 Elective resection	Geriatric‐8 Score ≤14 (n = 115, 61%)	↑ (CD ≥II, 48% vs 31%, P = 0.020)	–	–	–
Reisinger et al (2015)	Colorectal cancer n = 310 Elective resection	Groningen Frailty Indicator Score ≥5 (n = 41, 25%)	↑ (Sepsis, 15% vs 4.4%, P = 0.03)	NS	–	–
Ommundsen et al (2014)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥70 years n = 178 Elective resection	Balducci Frailty Criteria Frail: n = 76, 43%	–	–	–	↓ OS: HR 3.6 (95%CI, 2.3‐5.5)
Tan et al (2012)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥75 years n = 83 Elective resection	Fried Frailty Criteria Frail: n = 23, 28%	↑ (CD ≥II, 48% vs 18%, P = 0.006)	–	–	–
Kristjansson et al (2010)	Colorectal cancer Age: ≥70 years n = 178 Elective resection	Abbreviated Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Frail: n = 76, 43%	↑ (CD ≥II, 62% vs 33%, P = 0.002)	–	–	–

Note: ↑, higher incidence of postoperative complications or mortality, and longer length of hospital stay in frail patients; ↓, shorter overall, cancer‐specific, or recurrence‐free survival in frail patients; −, not examined.

Abbreviations: CD, Clavien‐Dindo grade; CI, confidence interval; CSS, cancer‐specific survival; HR, hazard ratio; NS, not significant (P > 0.05); OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence‐free survival.