Figure 5.

Galectin-13 and galectin-14 induce phosphorylation of Erk1/2, p38, and NF-κB in immune cells. The phosphorylation level of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk1/2 and p38, as well as transcription factor NF-κB was examined by Western blot. Freshly isolated PBMCs were incubated with the vehicle, gal-13, or gal-14 for 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Serum-free medium (RPMI-1640) was used as absolute control. Representative membrane strips for Erk1/2 (A), p38 (C), and NF-κB (E), as well as for β-actin as a loading control. Graphs show the mean value ± SEM of densitometry results for Erk1/2 (B), p38 (D), and NF-κB (F) (n=4). One-sample t-test was used. Statistical significance was set at *p<0.05, **p<0.01, or ***p<0.001. Erk1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; SEM, standard error of the mean.