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. 2022 Dec 28;13:1088024. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088024

Figure 6.

Figure 6

The effects of placental galectins on leukocyte functions. Gal-13 and gal-14 bind to the surface of immune cell populations where they activate Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. These signaling effects of placenta-specific galectins increase the viability of leukocytes, decrease the apoptosis of immune cells without influencing the proliferation of cells, and induce the production of IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-γ in a different manner. Erk1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.