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. 2022 Oct 8;8(1):64–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.003

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics according to the presence of CKD

Variables No CKD (n = 309) CKD (n = 42) Standardized mean difference P value
Age, yr 59.7 ± 14.0 60.5 ± 11.1 0.064 0.671
Female 96 (31.1%) 7 (16.7%) 0.343 0.054
Body mass index, kg/m2 23.6 ± 3.7 22.5 ± 3.6 0.294 0.076
Hypertension 176 (57.0%) 33 (78.6%) 0.475 0.007
Diabetes mellitus 136 (44.0%) 27 (64.3%) 0.416 0.013
Chronic kidney disease 0 (0%) 42 (100%) NA <0.001
 Stage 1 0 (0%) 7 (16.7%)
 Stage 2 0 (0%) 15 (35.7%)
 Stage 3 0 (0%) 16 (38.1%)
 Stage 4–5 0 (0%) 4 (9.5%)
Hyperlipidemia 169 (54.7%) 28 (66.7%) 0.247 0.142
Current smoking 141 (45.6%) 24 (57.1%) 0.232 0.161
Family history of cardiovascular disease 76 (24.6%) 13 (31.0%) 0.142 0.374
Laboratory findings
 High sensitivity CRP, mg/dl 0.5 ± 1.6 0.5 ± 0.9 0.021 0.876
 Serum creatinine, mg/dl 0.9 ± 0.3 1.4 ± 0.9 0.860 <0.001
 Estimated GFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 87.6 ± 24.5 62.2 ± 25.4 1.018 <0.001
 NT-proBNP, pg/ml 428.5 (94.0, 2,511.0) 2,954.0 (1,942.0, 6,590.0) 0.646 <0.001
Echocardiographic findings
 Ejection fraction, % 62.1 ± 8.0 60.4 ± 7.6 0.231 0.158
 LVEDD, mm 47.8 ± 5.3 47.0 ± 4.3 0.152 0.318
 LVESD, mm 29.3 ± 4.9 29.2 ± 3.2 0.022 0.874
 Septal wall thickness, mm 9.6 (8.5, 10.8) 10.4 (9.2, 11.6) 0.297 0.017
 Posterior wall thickness, mm 9.2 (8.1, 10.2) 10.1 (9.6, 11.0) 0.540 <0.001
 LA volume index, ml/m2 39.1 (30.1, 50.6) 56.0 (43.5, 66.1) 0.683 <0.001
 Left atrial enlargementa 199 (67.0%) 39 (95.1%) 0.769 <0.001
 LVMI, g/m2 110.2 ± 35.4 114.0 ± 36.2 0.105 0.531
 Relative wall thickness 0.40 ± 0.10 0.45 ± 0.10 0.488 0.005
 Left ventricular hypertrophyb 55 (17.9%) 14 (33.3%) 0.359 0.032
 E velocity, cm/s 71.2 ± 21.9 81.8 ± 24.7 0.457 0.023
 A velocity, cm/s 62.8 ± 27.3 47.0 ± 30.1 0.550 0.012
 e’ velocity, cm/s 6.4 ± 2.4 6.4 ± 2.5 0.003 0.985
 E/e’ 10.9 (8.7, 13.9) 13.3 (9.8, 16.1) 0.288 0.018
 Peak TR velocity, m/s 2.4 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 0.4 0.407 0.025
 RV systolic pressure, mm Hg 28.6 ± 8.2 33.3 ± 9.4 0.528 0.007
Coronary angiographic parameters
 Angiographic disease extent 0.756 0.002
 Insignificant stenosis 140 (45.3%) 33 (78.6%)
 1-vessel disease 62 (20.1%) 2 (4.8%)
 2-vessel disease 65 (21.0%) 4 (9.5%)
 3-vessel disease 40 (12.9%) 3 (7.1%)
 Reference vessel diameter, mm 3.0 ± 0.6 2.9 ± 0.5 0.135 0.462
 Diameter stenosis, % 38.9 ± 21.8 23.9 ± 20.1 0.713 <0.001
 Lesion length, mm 13.7 ± 10.1 10.5 ± 7.3 0.369 0.060
 SYNTAX score 5.9 ± 7.2 2.4 ± 5.1 0.559 <0.001
Coronary physiologic parameters
 Interrogated vessels 0.451 0.073
 Left anterior descending artery 226 (73.1%) 37 (88.1%)
 Left circumflex artery 41 (13.3%) 1 (2.4%)
 Right coronary artery 42 (13.6%) 4 (9.5%)
 Resting Pd/Pa 0.92 ± 0.50 0.95 ± 0.03 0.116 0.440
 FFR 0.89 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.05 0.250 0.119
 Resting mean transit time, s 0.92 ± 0.50 0.69 ± 0.33 0.556 <0.001
 Hyperemic mean transit time, s 0.33 ± 0.24 0.30 ± 0.21 0.121 0.443
 CFR 3.28 ± 1.77 2.60 ± 1.09 0.465 <0.001
 IMR, unit 23.52 ± 15.54 22.22 ± 13.37 0.090 0.564

CFR, coronary flow reserve; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FFR, fractional flow reserve; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IMR, index of microcirculatory resistance; LA, left atrium; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic dimension; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; NA, not applicable; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; Pa, aortic pressure; Pd, distal pressure; RV, right ventricle; SYNTAX, Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median with interquartile range or n (%).

a

Defined as LA volume index of >34 ml/m2.

b

Defined as LVMI ≥ 115/95 g/m2 (male/female) and relative wall thickness of >0.42.