TABLE 2.
The relationship between dietary electrolytes intake and the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy subtypes
| PE | SP | PE+SP | Gestational hypertension | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles | OR (95% CI) | p‐value | P for trend | OR (95% CI) | p‐value | P for trend | OR (95% CI) | p‐value | P for trend | OR (95% CI) | p‐value | P for trend |
| Crude | ||||||||||||
| Calcium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <251 | 1.31 (1.00–1.70) | .049 | .02 | 1.08 (.67–1.73) | .8 | .6. | 1.28 (1.02–1.62) | .04 | .01 | 1.25 (1.01–1.56) | .04 | .04 |
| 251–356 | 1.07 (.81–1.41) | .6 | 1.11 (.68–1.81) | .7 | 1.09 (.86–1.39) | .5 | 1.10 (.88–1.37) | .4 | ||||
| 356–465 | .85 (.64–1.14) | .3 | .89 (.53–1.48) | .7 | .90 (.70–1.15) | .4 | 1.12 (.90–1.40) | .3 | ||||
| 465–623 | .93 (.70–1.23) | .6 | .99 (.59–1.65) | .96 | .95 (.75–1.22) | .7 | 1.04 (.83–1.30) | .7 | ||||
| >623 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Potassium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <1313 | 1.30 (.99–1.70) | .06 | .06 | 1.05 (.65–1.71) | .8 | .9 | 1.26 (1.00–1.60) | .05 | .048 | 1.12 (.90–1.38) | .3 | .2 |
| 1313–1704 | 1.11 (.84–1.47) | .5 | 1.06 (.65–1.73) | .8 | 1.15 (.90–1.46) | .3 | 1.08 (.87–1.34) | .5 | ||||
| 1704–2104 | 1.01 (.76–1.35) | .9 | .82 (.49–1.38) | .5 | .99 (.77–1.27) | .9 | .95 (.76–1.19) | .7 | ||||
| 2104–2676 | 1.05 (.79–1.39) | .7 | 1.11 (.66–1.86) | .7 | 1.09 (.85–1.39) | .5 | .98 (.79–1.23) | .9 | ||||
| >2676 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Sodium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <1992 | 1.15 (.87–1.51) | .3 | .4 | .96 (.59–1.56) | .9 | .96 | 1.11 (.88–1.41) | .4 | .4 | 1.02 (.83–1.26) | .8 | .8 |
| 1992–2621 | 1.03 (.78–1.36) | .8 | 1.14 (.69–1.88) | .6 | 1.09 (.86–1.39) | .5 | .92 (.74–1.14) | .4 | ||||
| 2621–3263 | 1.05 (.80–1.39) | .7 | 1.19 (.72–1.99) | .5 | 1.08 (.85–1.38) | .5 | .98 (.80–1.22) | .9 | ||||
| 3263–4170 | 1.03 (.78–1.36) | .8 | 1.01 (.60–1.70) | .98 | 1.05 (.82–1.35) | .7 | .90 (.73–1.12) | .4 | ||||
| >4170 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Magnesium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <142 | 1.28 (.98–1.68) | .07 | .1 | 1.12 (.69–1.80) | .6 | .9 | 1.25 (.99–1.58) | .06 | .1 | 1.11 (.90–1.38) | .3 | .2 |
| 142–179 | 1.06 (.80–1.40) | .7 | 1.06 (.64–1.75) | .8 | 1.09 (.86–1.39) | .5 | 1.05 (.85–1.31) | .6 | ||||
| 179–217 | .95 (.72–1.27) | .7 | .85 (.52–1.40) | .5 | .94 (.74–1.21) | .6 | .99 (.80–1.23) | .9 | ||||
| 217–272 | 1.00 (.75–1.32) | .98 | 1.27 (.76–2.14) | .4 | 1.07 (.84–1.36) | .6 | .95 (.76–1.19) | .7 | ||||
| >272 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Na/K ratio | ||||||||||||
| <1.23 | .86 (.65–1.14) | .3 | .3 | 1.13 (.69–1.84) | .6 | .6 | .91 (.72–1.16) | .5 | .5 | .78 (.63–.97) | .03 | .01 |
| 1.23–1.45 | 1.12 (.86–1.47) | .4 | 1.27 (.77–2.09) | .3 | 1.14 (.90–1.44) | .3 | .90 (.72–1.11) | .3 | ||||
| 1.45–1.65 | .89 (.67–1.17) | .4 | 1.39 (.84–2.30) | .2 | 1.00 (.78–1.27) | .99 | .94 (.77–1.17) | .6 | ||||
| 1.65–1.91 | 1.15 (.88–1.50) | .3 | 1.15 (.70–1.88) | .6 | 1.13 (.89–1.43) | .3 | 1.05 (.86–1.30) | .6 | ||||
| >1.91 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Energy in Kcal/day | ||||||||||||
| <1,215 | .94 (.72–1.23) | .6 | .9 | 1.00 (.64–1.56) | .98 | .98 | .97 (.77–1.22) | .8 | .96 | 1.12 (.91–1.37) | .3 | .9 |
| 1215–1461 | .97 (.74–1.26) | .8 | 1.03 (.65–1.64) | .9 | 1.01 (.80–1.27) | .9 | .84 (.67–1.05) | .1 | ||||
| 1,461–1,708 | .82 (.62–1.08) | .2 | .76 (.45–1.27) | .3 | .82 (.64–1.05) | .1 | .86 (.69–1.07) | .2 | ||||
| 1708–2053 | .87 (.66–1.14) | .3 | 1.03 (.63–1.68) | .9 | .94 (.74–1.19) | .6 | 1.05 (.85–1.30) | .6 | ||||
| >2053 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Energy‐adjusted | ||||||||||||
| Calcium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <330 | 1.17 (.88 to 1.56) | .3 | .06 | 1.17 (.73 to 1.87) | .5 | .4 | 1.18 (.92–1.51) | .2 | .02 | 1.30 (1.04 to 1.62) | .02 | .01 |
| 330–420 | 1.48 (1.13–1.94) | .01 | 1.32 (.82–2.13) | .3 | 1.45 (1.15–1.84) | .002 | 1.31 (1.05–1.63) | .02 | ||||
| 420–496 | 1.09 (.82–1.46) | .6 | 1.12 (.68–1.85) | .7 | 1.09 (.85–1.39) | .5 | 1.11 (.89–1.39) | .4 | ||||
| 496–599 | 1.13 (.85–1.51) | .4 | 1.13 (.68–1.88) | .6 | 1.14 (.89–1.46) | .3 | 1.13 (.90–1.41) | .3 | ||||
| >599 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Potassium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <1714 | 1.27 (.97–1.66) | .08 | .06 | 1.06 (.66–1.69) | .8 | .7 | 1.23 (.97–1.55) | .09 | .04 | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | 0 .002 | .004 |
| 1714–1949 | .99 (.74–1.31) | .9 | 1.23 (.75–2.02) | .4 | 1.07 (.84–1.36) | .6 | 1.23 (.97–1.54) | .08 | ||||
| 1949–2150 | 1.17 (.89–1.54) | .3 | 1.02 (.62–1.69) | .9 | 1.15 (.90–1.46) | .3 | 1.50 (1.20–1.88) | <.001 | ||||
| 2150–2423 | .89 (.67–1.19) | .4 | 1.04 (.63–1.73) | .9 | .94 (.73–1.20) | .6 | 1.18 (.93–1.49) | .2 | ||||
| >2423 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Sodium intake in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <2504 | 1.15 (.87–1.52) | .3 | .1 | 1.24 (.76–2.02) | .4 | .6 | 1.19 (.94–1.52) | .2 | .06 | .94 (.75–1.17) | .6 | .1 |
| 2504–2946 | 1.26 (.96–1.65) | .09 | 1.32 (.79–2.18) | .3 | 1.30 (1.03–1.66) | .03 | .91 (.73–1.13) | .4 | ||||
| 2,946–3,332 | 1.01 (.76–1.34) | .9 | 1.37 (.82–2.30) | .2 | 1.09 (.85–1.40) | .5 | 1.03 (.83–1.28) | .8 | ||||
| 3332–3835 | 1.02 (.76–1.35) | .9 | 1.35 (.81–2.24) | .2 | 1.11 (.86–1.42) | .4 | 1.16 (.94–1.43) | .2 | ||||
| >3835 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Magnesium in mg/day | ||||||||||||
| <183 | 1.25 (.95–1.64) | .1 | .03 | 1.18 (.73–1.91) | .5 | .5 | 1.26 (.99–1.59) | .06 | .02 | 1.24 (1.00–1.55) | .05 | .04 |
| 183–203 | 1.20 (.91–1.59) | .2 | 1.34 (.83–2.17) | .2 | 1.26 (.99–1.60) | .06 | 1.23 (.99–1.53) | .07 | ||||
| 203–220 | 1.09 (.82–1.44) | .6 | 1.08 (.65–1.78) | .8 | 1.09 (.86–1.40) | .5 | 1.17 (.93–1.46) | .2 | ||||
| 220–243 | .95 (.71–1.27) | .7 | 1.26 (.76–2.10) | .4 | 1.04 (.81–1.33) | .8 | 1.12 (.90–1.41) | .3 | ||||
| >243 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
| Na/K ratio | ||||||||||||
| <1.23 | .91 (.69–1.20) | .5 | .4 | 1.05 (.64–1.72) | .8 | .7 | .93 (.73–1.19) | .6 | .6 | .75 (.61–.94) | .01 | .005 |
| 1.23–1.45 | 1.11 (.85–1.46) | .4 | 1.40 (.85 to 2.31) | .2 | 1.16 (.92–1.47) | .2 | .82 (.66–1.02) | .07 | ||||
| 1.45–1.65 | .86 (.64–1.14) | .3 | 1.41 (.85 to 2.33) | .2 | .98 (.77–1.24) | .8 | .93 (.75–1.14) | .5 | ||||
| 1.65–1.91 | 1.18 (.91–1.54) | .2 | 1.14 (.70 to 1.87) | .6 | 1.16 (.91–1.46) | .2 | .95 (.78–1.17) | .6 | ||||
| >1.91 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||||
Notes: The independent variables (the electrolytes intake) were adjusted for maternal age, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, family history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, family history of chronic hypertension, parity with or without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and conception by in vitro fertilization.
Pregnant women with chronic hypertension (CH) were included in the analysis with PE+SP as the outcome in the population, considered a risk factor for SP, and used as a covariate. Pregnant women with CH were excluded from the analysis with PE or gestational hypertension as the outcome, while pregnant women without CH were excluded from the analysis with SP as the outcome.
Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; Na/K ratio, sodium‐to‐potassium intake ratio; OR, odds ratio; PE, pre‐eclampsia; PE+SP, pre‐eclampsia and superimposed pre‐eclampsia; SP, superimposed pre‐eclampsia.