Table 4.

HRs and 95% CIs of all-cause mortality according to aspects of social relationships in individuals with cirrhosis (n = 541) who participated in the Danish National Health Surveys 2010, 2013, and 2017.

	No. of deaths (person-years)	Mortality rate per 100 person-years	Crude analysis		Adjusted analysis∗
			HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Functional aspects of social relationships
Social support
Low social support	74 (585)	13
Medium or high social support	195 (2,210)	8.8
Social support, low vs. medium or high			1.5 (1.1–1.9)	0.005	1.4 (1.1–1.9)	0.011
Loneliness
Loneliness	109 (908)	12
No loneliness	160 (1,888)	8.5
Loneliness, yes vs. no			1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.004	1.5 (1.2–1.9)	0.003
Structural aspects of social relationships
Cohabitation status
Living alone	132 (1,354)	9.7
Cohabitating	137 (1,442)	9.5
Living alone vs. cohabitating			1.0 (0.81–1.3)	0.86	1.0 (0.82–1.3)	0.85
Contact with relatives and friends
≤2 times per week	84 (806)	10
≥3 times per week	161 (1,819)	8.9
≤2 times vs. ≥3 times per week			1.2 (0.91–1.5)	0.21	1.0 (0.8–1.4)	0.74
HR of adjusting variables
Age, per 10-year increase					1.4 (1.2–1.6)	<0.001
Men vs. women					1.3 (1.0–1.7)	0.07
Decompensation history, yes vs. no					1.3 (1.0–1.7)	0.01
Years since cirrhosis diagnosis					0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.002
Charlson Comorbidity Index, 1 vs. 0					1.4 (1.0–1.9)	0.04
Charlson Comorbidity Index, ≥2 vs. 0					1.5 (1.1–2.0)	0.009
Alcohol, drinking 1–20 drinks/week vs. abstaining					1.1 (0.8–1.4)	0.54
Alcohol, drinking ≥21 drinks/week vs. abstaining					1.4 (1.0–1.9)	0.02
Smoking, yes vs. no					1.1 (0.8–1.4)	0.65

HR, hazard ratio. Analyses were conducted for each aspect of social relationships separately.

^∗Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, history of decompensation, comorbidity, smoking, alcohol consumption and time since cirrhosis diagnosis.