Table 6.
Results of the mixed models analyses investigating the effect of a >= 35% increase in physical activity on primary outcome measures including physical activity, physical fitness, and cognition
| Outcome |
> = 35% increase PA T2 N = 35 |
< 35% increase PA T2 N = 45 |
Model A N = 80 |
Model B N = 75 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
| Steps per day | ||||||||
| Baseline | 4877.68 (1146.94) | 4928.47 (1148.09) | ||||||
| 9 months | 9204.67 (2303.47) | 5312.41 (1836.38) |
2002.22 (1515.78–2488.65) |
.000 | 1.76 |
2079.88 (1560.74–2599.03) |
.000 | 1.82 |
| Self-reported PA | ||||||||
| Baseline | 135.14 (70.88) | 101.93 (68.45) | ||||||
| 9 months | 145.31 (81.18) | 111.51 (60.59) | 1.59 (− 15.08 to 18.25) | .85 | .02 | 2.70 (− 15.35 to 20.74) | .77 | .03 |
| Physical fitness | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | |
| Aerobic capacity | ||||||||
| Baseline | 464.37 (75.46) | 430.78 (102.97) | ||||||
| 9 months | 527.74 (96.52) | 456.61 (114.91) | 21.40 (1.51–41.29) | .04 | .23 | 24.59 (3.83–45.35) | .02 | .26 |
| Muscle strength | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.04 (1.32) | − 0.61 (2.11) | ||||||
| 9 months | 0.55 (1.36) | − 0.23 (1.93) | 0.13 (− 0.07 to 0.34) | .20 | .07 | 0.18 (− 0.04 to 0.40) | .11 | .10 |
| Balance | ||||||||
| Baseline | 39.04 (2.86) | 37.38 (5.03) | ||||||
| 9 months | 38.87 (3.37) | 38.88 (2.93) | − 0.41 (− 1.08 to 0.26) | .23 | .10 | − 0.45 (− 1.18 to 0.28) | .23 | .11 |
| Gait | ||||||||
| Baseline | 3.92 (0.85) | 4.44(1.36) | ||||||
| 9 months | 3.67 (1.04) | 4.16 (0.88) | − 0.27 (− 0.48 to − 0.05) | .02 | .23 | − 0.29 (− 0.52 to − 0.10) | .02 | .24 |
| Cognition | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
| Global cognitiona | ||||||||
| Baseline | 1.03 (2.75) | − 0.87 (3.04) | ||||||
| 9 months | 2.91 (2.53) | 0.12 (3.66) | 0.52 (0.13–0.91) | .009 | .17 | 0.65 (0.23–1.04) | .002 | .21 |
| Executive functioninga | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.71 (2.10) | − 0.30 (2.51) | ||||||
| 9 months | 1.73 (2.07) | − 0.05 (2.58) | 0.59 (0.22–0.96) | .001 | .25 | 0.72 (0.33–1.11) | .000b | .30 |
| Learninga | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.03 (1.56) | 1.01 (1.37) | ||||||
| 9 months | − 0.30 (1.55) | 0.24 (2.08) | 0.17 (− 0.13 to 0.48) | .27 | .11 | 0.17 (− 0.16 to 0.50) | .32 | .11 |
| Verbal memorya | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.01 (1.02) | − 0.35 (0.99) | ||||||
| 9 months | 0.75 (0.83) | 0.09 (1.00) | 0.21 (0.01–0.40) | .04 | .21 | 0.23 (0.02–0.44) | .03 | .23 |
aValues standardized over time. bEffect moderation by ApoE-ε4 observed. PA physical activity. Model A: adjusted for y at baseline, age, and sex. Model B: adjusted for y at baseline, age, sex, education, and ApoE-ε4 carrier status. d Cohen’s d