Table 9.
Results of the mixed models per-protocol analyses on primary outcomes including measures of physical activity, physical fitness, and cognition
| Outcome |
Intervention group N = 54 |
Control group N = 27 |
Model A N = 81 |
Model B N = 76 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
| Steps per day | ||||||||
| Baseline | 4995.66 (1165.82) | 4661.67 (1106.72) | ||||||
| 9 months | 7634.80 (2688.64) | 5799.16 (2688.64) | 516.79 (− 133.60 to 1167.17) | .12 | .45 | 679.16 (− 25.99 to 1384.31) | .06 | .59 |
| Self-reported PA | ||||||||
| Baseline | 115.56 (70.49) | 116.07 (73.07) | ||||||
| 9 months | 127.56 (70.59) | 122.56 (74.57) | − 1.57 (− 19.33 to 16.18) | .86 | .02 | − 6.27 (− 25.39 to 12.85) | .52 | .09 |
| Physical fitness | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
| Aerobic capacity | ||||||||
| Baseline | 470.57 (88.00) | 396.31 (81.67) | ||||||
| 9 months | 509.72 (113.27) | 439.76 (95.95) | − 10.10 (− 32.90 to 12.69) | .39 | .11 | − 12.38 (− 36.44 to 11.68) | .31 | .13 |
| Muscle strengtha | ||||||||
| Baseline | − 0.04 (1.35) | − 0.89 (2.43) | ||||||
| 9 months | 0.43 (1.47) | − 0.54 (2.04) | 0.03 (− 0.19 to 0.25) | .78 | .02 | 0.01 (− 0.23 to 0.25) | .92 | .01 |
| Balance | ||||||||
| Baseline | 38.77 (2.56) | 36.85 (6.31) | ||||||
| 9 months | 38.79 (3.14) | 39.09 (3.04) | − 0.60 (− 1.31 to 0.11) | .10 | .14 | − 0.69 (− 1.48 to 0.10) | .09 | .16 |
| Gait | ||||||||
| Baseline | 4.24 (1.24) | 4.14 (1.07) | ||||||
| 9 months | 3.76 (0.73) | 4.34 (1.26) | − 0.18 (− 0.42 to 0.06) | .14b | .15 | − 0.15 (− 0.41 to 0.11) | .25b | .13 |
| Cognition | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
| Global cognitiona | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.34 (3.28) | − 0.70 (2.43) | ||||||
| 9 months | 1.73 (3.59) | 0.53 (3.11) | 0.02 (− 0.41 to 0.46) | .91 | .01 | − 0.02 (− 0.48 to 0.45) | .94 | .01 |
| EFa | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.37 (2.46) | − 0.27 (2.17) | ||||||
| 9 months | 0.99 (2.52) | 0.26 (2.45) | 0.19 (− 0.23 to 0.60) | .37 | .08 | 0.19 (− 0.27 to 0.65) | .41 | .08 |
| Verbal memorya | ||||||||
| Baseline | − 0.19 (1.09) | − 0.19 (0.83) | ||||||
| 9 months | 0.43 (1.04) | 0.23 (0.90) | 0.05 (− 0.17 to 0.27) | .68 | .05 | 0.05 (− 0.19 to 0.29) | .69c | .05 |
| Learninga | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.07 (1.70) | − 0.58 (1.09) | ||||||
| 9 months | 0.55 (1.81) | 0.61 (1.88) | − 0.28 (− 0.61 to 0.05) | .10 | .18 | − 0.27 (− 0.65 to 0.09) | .14c | .17 |
aValues standardized over time. bEffect moderation by sex observed. cEffect moderation by APOE ε4 observed. Model A: adjusted for y at baseline, age, and sex. Model B: adjusted for y at baseline, age, sex, education, and ApoE-ε4 carrier status, d Cohen’s d