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. 2022 Dec 1;5(1):fcac316. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac316

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Day 1 blood-based biomarkers by diagnostic group, sampling time intervals, and age-category. Mean and 95% CIs are plotted for log-transformed blood-biomarker levels for GFAP, UCHL-1, NSE, and S100b. Each participant contributes only a single measurement and these levels are cross-sectional, not longitudinal. They are plotted to inform the optimal blood sampling time for each age group. Optimal timing of GFAP sampling is likely 7–24 hours as both CT + and CT− TBI remain fairly stably elevated across all age groups during this sampling interval. Optimal timing of UCHL1 and S100b sampling is likely 0–6 as levels generally begin to fall among CT + and CT− TBI by 7 + hours post-injury. NSE levels are less predictable with levels among CT + and CT− falling after 0–6 hours among elderly but rising up to 12 hours post-injury among middle-aged and younger adults. This figure also highlights the handful of extreme blood-biomarkers elevations among elderly OCs at 0–6 hours post-injury across all measured biomarkers. Specific blood-biomarker levels and results of Wilcoxon rank sum tests comparing levels across diagnostic groups, stratified by age and sampling time intervals, are reported in Supplemental Table 4.