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. 2022 Nov 14;15(1):e16364. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202216364

Figure 3. Defects in calcium signaling both in sMDD GINs and ventral forebrain organoids.

Figure 3

  1. Schematic diagram of calcium imaging for neurons with Fluo‐4 indicator dyes.
  2. Representative images of calcium imaging in CTRL and sMDD GINs at each timepoint. Scale bar = 20 μm.
  3. The representative trajectory of average intensity changes over time from CTRL (red line) and sMDD (blue line) neurons in response to 67 mM KCL. CTRL, n = 6 neurons; sMDD, n = 6 neurons. Traces are from a representative experiment (the whole quantification result is shown in D). Mean ratio ± SEM.
  4. Quantification of peak [Ca2+] (F max–F 0)/F 0 shown per cell line (n = 155 neurons derived from five CTRL cell lines, n = 198 neurons derived from six sMDD cell lines). Nested t‐test, **P = 0.0022 for CTRL versus sMDD. Mean ratio ± SEM.
  5. Schematic illustrating the generation of human ventral forebrain organoids from hiPS cells.
  6. Immunostaining for the GABA interneuron marker GAD67, neural progenitor marker SOX2 and ventral prosencephalic progenitor marker NKX2.1 at day 30 in CTRL and sMDD ventral forebrain organoids. Scale bar = 50 μm.
  7. Schematic diagram of calcium imaging for ventral forebrain organoids with Fluo‐4 indicator dyes.
  8. Representative images of calcium imaging in CTRL and sMDD ventral forebrain organoids at different states. Scale bar = 20 μm.
  9. Quantification of peak [Ca2+] (F max–F 0)/F 0 shown per cell line (n = 156 neurons derived from four CTRL cell lines, n = 88 neurons derived from four sMDD cell lines). Nested t‐test, ***P = 0.0005 for CTRL versus sMDD. Mean ratio ± SEM.

Source data are available online for this figure.