Table 4. Maternal characteristics, GDM particularities and adverse obstetric/neonatal outcomes categorized by GWG according to IOM Guidelines.

		Below recommendations (n = 157)	Within recommendations (n = 147)	Above recommendations (n = 149)	p value
Maternal Characteristics
Ethnic origin:
	European	156 (99.4)	146 (99.3)	146 (98.0)	0.613 a
	African	1 (0.6)	0	1 (0.7)
	South American	0	1 (0.7)	0
	Oriental Asian	0	1 (0.7)	0
	South Asian	0	0	1 (0.7)
Abortion on previous gestation		38 (24.2)	34 (23.1)	44 (29.5)	0.400 *
Macrosomia on previous gestation		9 (5.7)	8 (5.4)	4 (2.7)	0.408 *
GDM on previous gestation		19 (12.1)	25 (17.0)	18 (12.1)	0.362 *
Family history of diabetes in 1st degree relatives		83 (52.9)	89 (60.5)	92 (61.7)	0.230 *
Pre-pregnancy obesity		43 (27.4)	33 (22.4)	50 (33.6)	0.104 *
GDM Particularities
Diagnosis at 1st trimester		79 (50.3)	72 (49.0)	75 (50.3)	0.964 *
Pharmacological treatment		77 (49.0)	73 (49.7)	72 (48.3)	0.979 *
Obstetric Outcomes
Pre-eclampsia		6 (3.8)	4 (2.7)	5 (3.4)	0.946 a
Hydramnios		0	4 (2.7)	2 (1.3)	0.070 a
Gestational hypertension		11 (7.0)	6 (4.1)	11 (7.4)	0.385 *
Cesarean delivery		39 (24.8)	42 (28.6)	51 (34.2)	0.195 *
Neonatal Outcomes
LGA birthweight		1 (0.6)	4 (2.7)	10 (6.7)	NA
Prematurity		16 (10.2)	15 (10.2)	8 (5.4)	0.222 *
Neonatal morbidity		27 (17.3)	39 (26.5)	22 (14.9)	0.331 *
Neonatal hypoglycemia		6 (3.8)	5 (3.4)	3 (2.0)	0.665 a
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia		18 (11.5)	29 (19.7)	17 (11.5)	0.062 *
Neonatal RDS		4 (2.6)	6 (4.1)	5 (3.4)	0.718 a
NICU admissions		15 (9.7)	19 (12.9)	12 (8.1)	0.379 *

Data presented as n (%).

Footnote: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA: large-for-gestational-age; NA: non-applicable; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome.

^*Pearson's qui-square.

^aFisher's exact test.