Table 3.
Factors associated with the presence of E. coli contamination in water supplies for human consumption in Peru, 2017–2018
| Characteristics | Crude model | Adjusted model* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Amount of chlorine in mg/L | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| > 0 to < 0.5 | 0.25 (0.15–0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 0.5 | 0.10 (0.06–0.16) | < 0.001 | 0.20 (0.11–0.33) | < 0.001 |
| Origin of water | ||||
| Spout (direct) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| Reservoirs (e.g., bucket or others) | 3.76 (2.88–4.91) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.18–1.93) | 0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Up to primary | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| Secondary | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | 0.602 |
| Higher education | 0.20 (0.13–0.31) | < 0.001 | 0.67 (0.45–0.99) | 0.044 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Richest | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| Rich | 1.24 (0.59–2.59) | 0.571 | 1.23 (0.66–2.27) | 0.517 |
| Medium | 3.35 (1.67–6.70) | 0.001 | 2.06 (1.13–3.76) | 0.018 |
| Poor | 4.06 (2.04–8.08) | < 0.001 | 1.82 (1.01–3.25) | 0.045 |
| Poorest | 5.53 (2.86–10.69) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (0.84–2.66) | 0.167 |
| Area of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| Rural | 3.91 (2.97–5.14) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.01–1.83) | 0.042 |
| Region | ||||
| Jungle | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| Highlands | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) | 0.011 | 0.80 (0.60–1.05) | 0.106 |
| Coast | 0.31 (0.22–0.42) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.75–1.42) | 0.854 |
| Human development index | ||||
| High | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | – |
| Medium | 3.20 (1.70–6.04) | < 0.001 | 2.04 (1.14–3.67) | 0.017 |
| Low | 7.49 (4.22–13.29) | < 0.001 | 2.12 (1.15–3.91) | 0.016 |
CI = confidence interval; PR = prevalence ratio.
*
Adjusted for all variables displayed in the column.