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. 2022 Nov 21;108(1):7–11. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0404

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Figure 1. — Cinchona officinalis, the tree from which quinine is derived. (A) A closeup of a branch of C. officinalis (permission to reproduce received from Mirbel Epiquién Rivera). (B) A cinchona tree growing in the landscape of Pajal, Huancabamba, Piura, Peru (permission to reproduce received from Mirbel Epiquién Rivera). (C) The National Shield of Peru is found on the Peruvian Flag (free image from https://www.fap.mil.pe/index.phpo/nosotros/escudo-nacional). It has the cinchona tree as an indication of its importance to Peruvian history. (D) The case of a machine for crushing cinchona bark used in the Santo Spirito Hospital’s pharmacy in the mid-17th century (permission to reprint from Dr. Gaspare Baggieri, Curator, Museo Nazionale dell’Arte Sanitaria, Lungotevere in Sassia 3, 00186 Roma, Italy).