Table 3.
Tests of Measurement Invariances of the PSQ-C-13 Across Subgroups (N = 309)
| Model | Baseline | Follow-Up | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 (df) | Δχ2 (Δdf) | CFI | ΔCFI | RMSEA (90% CI) | ΔRMSEA | χ2 (df) | Δχ2 (Δdf) | CFI | ΔCFI | RMSEA (90% CI) | ΔRMSEA | |||
| Gender (male vs. female) | ||||||||||||||
| Configural | 202.030 (128)*** | 0.974 | 0.061 (0.045, 0.077) | 263.640 (128)*** | 0.965 | 0.083 (0.069, 0.097) | ||||||||
| Thresholds | 219.066 (139)*** | 16.676 (11) | 0.972 | −0.002 | 0.061 (0.045, 0.076) | 0.000 | 275.233 (140)*** | 14.121 (12) | 0.965 | 0.000 | 0.079 (0.065, 0.093) | −0.004 | ||
| Metric | 218.669 (150)*** | 10.003 (11) | 0.976 | 0.004 | 0.055 (0.038, 0.070) | −0.006 | 288.247 (151)*** | 17.900 (11) | 0.965 | 0.000 | 0.077 (0.063, 0.090) | −0.002 | ||
| Scalar | 238.047 (161)*** | 17.955 (11) | 0.973 | −0.003 | 0.056 (0.040, 0.070) | 0.001 | 299.785 (162)*** | 16.425 (11) | 0.964 | −0.001 | 0.074 (0.061, 0.088) | −0.003 | ||
| Strict | 239.462 (174)** | 11.582 (13) | 0.977 | 0.004 | 0.050 (0.033, 0.064) | −0.006 | 334.984 (175)*** | 31.640 (13)** | 0.959 | −0.005 | 0.077 (0.065, 0.090) | 0.003 | ||
| Age (< 20 years vs. ≥ 20 Years) | ||||||||||||||
| Configural | 225.850 (128)*** | 0.967 | 0.071 (0.055, 0.086) | 316.383 (128)*** | 0.953 | 0.098 (0.084, 0.112) | ||||||||
| Thresholds | 243.006 (141)*** | 17.104 (13) | 0.966 | −0.001 | 0.069 (0.054, 0.083) | −0.002 | 327.141 (141)*** | 10.827 (13) | 0.954 | 0.001 | 0.093 (0.080, 0.106) | −0.005 | ||
| Metric | 244.537 (152)*** | 10.685 (11) | 0.969 | 0.003 | 0.063 (0.048, 0.077) | −0.006 | 326.297 (152)*** | 12.958 (11) | 0.956 | 0.002 | 0.086 (0.074, 0.099) | −0.007 | ||
| Scalar | 267.457 (163)*** | 22.850 (11) * | 0.965 | −0.004 | 0.065 (0.050, 0.078) | 0.002 | 338.665 (163)*** | 15.874 (11) | 0.956 | 0.000 | 0.084 (0.071, 0.096) | −0.002 | ||
| Strict | 281.842 (176)*** | 20.540 (13) | 0.965 | 0.000 | 0.063 (0.049, 0.076) | −0.002 | 341.844 (176)*** | 20.087 (13) | 0.959 | 0.003 | 0.078 (0.066, 0.091) | −0.006 | ||
| Home location (city vs. non-city) | ||||||||||||||
| Configural | 219.451 (128)*** | 0.967 | 0.068 (0.053, 0.083) | 288.930 (128)*** | 0.959 | 0.091 (0.077, 0.104) | ||||||||
| Thresholds | 229.318 (139)*** | 9.147 (11) | 0.967 | 0.000 | 0.065 (0.050, 0.080) | −0.003 | 302.826 (138)*** | 14.066 (10) | 0.958 | −0.001 | 0.088 (0.075, 0.102) | −0.003 | ||
| Metric | 236.688 (150)*** | 9.147 (11) | 0.969 | 0.002 | 0.061 (0.046, 0.076) | −0.004 | 294.312 (149)*** | 6.640 (11) | 0.963 | 0.005 | 0.080 (0.066, 0.093) | −0.008 | ||
| Scalar | 242.388 (161)*** | 8.833 (11) | 0.970 | 0.001 | 0.057 (0.042, 0.072) | −0.004 | 300.914 (160)*** | 11.186 (11) | 0.964 | 0.001 | 0.076 (0.062, 0.089) | −0.004 | ||
| Strict | 255.280 (174)*** | 17.858 (13) | 0.971 | 0.001 | 0.055 (0.040, 0.069) | −0.002 | 334.308 (173)*** | 32.933 (13)** | 0.959 | −0.005 | 0.078 (0.065, 0.090) | 0.002 | ||
| Single-child (single-child vs. non-single-child) | ||||||||||||||
| Configural | 208.844 (128)*** | 0.972 | 0.064 (0.048, 0.080) | 284.443 (128)*** | 0.960 | 0.089 (0.075, 0.103) | ||||||||
| Thresholds | 223.895 (141)*** | 14.630 (13) | 0.971 | −0.001 | 0.062 (0.046, 0.077) | −0.002 | 296.786 (141)*** | 12.153 (13) | 0.961 | 0.001 | 0.085 (0.071, 0.098) | −0.004 | ||
| Metric | 240.615 (152)*** | 17.545 (11) | 0.969 | −0.002 | 0.062 (0.046, 0.076) | 0.000 | 298.395 (152)*** | 12.102 (11) | 0.963 | 0.002 | 0.079 (0.066, 0.092) | −0.006 | ||
| Scalar | 253.090 (163)*** | 13.735 (11) | 0.969 | 0.000 | 0.060 (0.045, 0.074) | −0.002 | 317.381 (163)*** | 20.980 (11) ** | 0.961 | −0.002 | 0.079 (0.066, 0.091) | 0.000 | ||
| Strict | 271.130 (176)*** | 21.463 (13) | 0.967 | −0.002 | 0.059 (0.045, 0.073) | −0.001 | 324.024 (176)*** | 20.673 (13) | 0.963 | 0.002 | 0.074 (0.061, 0.087) | −0.005 | ||
| Monthly households’ income (< 10000 vs. ≥ 10000) | ||||||||||||||
| Configural | 216.305 (128)*** | 0.970 | 0.067 (0.051, 0.082) | 277.246 (128) | 0.962 | 0.087 (0.073, 0.101) | ||||||||
| Thresholds | 225.389 (141)*** | 8.770 (13) | 0.971 | 0.001 | 0.062 (0.047, 0.077) | −0.005 | 290.112 (140) | 13.222 (12) | 0.962 | 0.000 | 0.084 (0.070, 0.097) | −0.003 | ||
| Metric | 234.585 (152)*** | 9.147 (11) | 0.972 | 0.001 | 0.059 (0.044, 0.074) | −0.003 | 286.784 (151) | 10.235 (11) | 0.965 | 0.003 | 0.077 (0.063, 0.090) | −0.007 | ||
| Scalar | 251.218 (163)*** | 17.159 (11) | 0.970 | −0.002 | 0.059 (0.044, 0.073) | 0.000 | 287.816 (162) | 5.596 (11) | 0.968 | 0.003 | 0.071 (0.058, 0.084) | −0.006 | ||
| Strict | 257.264 (176)*** | 14.563 (13) | 0.972 | 0.002 | 0.055 (0.040, 0.069) | −0.004 | 298.182 (175) | 20.06 (13) | 0.968 | 0.000 | 0.068 (0.054, 0.081) | −0.003 | ||
| Part-time (do part-time job vs. no part-time job) | ||||||||||||||
| Configural | 191.180 (128)*** | 0.977 | 0.057 (0.039, 0.073) | 259.275 (128)*** | 0.963 | 0.082 (0.067, 0.096) | ||||||||
| Thresholds | 199.136 (140)** | 10.913 (12) | 0.978 | 0.001 | 0.052 (0.035, 0.068) | −0.005 | 263.243 (139)*** | 10.032 (11) | 0.965 | 0.002 | 0.076 (0.062, 0.090) | −0.006 | ||
| Metric | 194.839 (151)** | 9.094 (11) | 0.984 | 0.006 | 0.043 (0.023, 0.060) | −0.009 | 254.708 (150)*** | 9.019 (11) | 0.971 | 0.006 | 0.067 (0.053, 0.081) | −0.009 | ||
| Scalar | 209.532 (162)** | 13.575 (11) | 0.983 | −0.001 | 0.044 (0.024, 0.060) | 0.001 | 263.212 (161)*** | 12.975 (11) | 0.971 | 0.000 | 0.064 (0.050, 0.078) | −0.003 | ||
| Strict | 223.378 (175)** | 15.014 (13) | 0.982 | −0.001 | 0.042 (0.023, 0.058) | −0.002 | 280.237 (174)*** | 18.699 (13) | 0.970 | −0.001 | 0.063 (0.049, 0.076) | −0.001 | ||
| Cut-off value | N/A | N/A | > 0.900 | < 0.010 | < 0.080 | < 0.015 | N/A | N/A | > 0.900 | < 0.010 | < 0.080 | < 0.015 | ||
Notes: Bold fonts stand for different models. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.010; *P < 0.050.
Abbreviations: PSQ-C-13, Chinese Perceived Stress Questionnaire-13; χ2, Chi-square; df, degrees of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; CI, confidence interval; Δ, a change in χ2, df, CFI, and RMSEA; N/A, not applicable.