Table 3.

Anticancer effects of PC and its compounds.

Pharmacological effects	Mechanism	Extracts/compounds	Minimal active concentration/dose	Cancer	Reference
Anticancer activity	Initiated apoptosis and S-phase cell cycle arrest through impeding Akt/ ERK/EGFR pathways	PC dissolved in saline	300 mg/kg	Osteosarcoma	Zhao, Pan et al. 2022
	Inhibited the activity of human breast cancer and promoted apoptosis	Crude extract	IC50 = 31.18 ± 1.95 μg/mL	Breast cancer	Pan, Shi et al. 2019
			IC50 = 28.12 ± 1.07 μg/mL	Ovarian cancer
	Anti-human oral cancer, stimulated caspase-9 and -3 activities	Ethanol extract	50 μg/mL	Oral cancer	Wang, Horng et al. 2019
	Anti-laryngeal cancer and inhibited the PDGF/AKT signaling pathway	Polydatin	2 μmol/L	Laryngeal cancer	Li et al. 2017
	Reduced mean tumor volume		50 mg/kg
	Anti-leukemia, induced S-phase cell cycle arrest, and upregulated cyclin D1 and Bcl-2	Polydatin	IC50 (48 h) = 50 μmol/L	Acute leukemia	Wang, Luo et al. 2016
	Anti-leukemia and inhibited Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway	Polydatin	IC50 (24 h) = 80 μmol/L	Acute leukemia	Luo et al. 2016
	Anti-cervical cancer and inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway	Polydatin	50 μmol/L	Cervical cancer	Pan et al. 2017
	Anti-hepatoma and inhibited AKT/NF-κB pathway	Polydatin	IC50 (72 h) = 34.89 mg/L	Lung cancer	Sun and Ye 2019
	Inhibited the proliferation of human breast cancer and downregulated VEGF and MMP-9	Polydatin	0.2 μmol/L	Breast cancer	Chen et al. 2017
Anticancer activity	Induced phase S cell cycle arrest and downregulated CREB and cyclin D1	Polydatin	1.5 μmol/L	Breast cancer	Feng et al. 2019
	Inhibited the proliferation of cells, downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax	Resveratrol	25 μmol/L	Liver cancer	Gu et al. 2014
	Induced cell blockage at phase S	Resveratrol	12.5 μmol/L	Liver cancer	Gu et al. 2015
	Decreased the survival rate of cells and rested the cells at the G0/G1 phase	Resveratrol	IC50 (24 h) = 127 μmol/L	Gastric cancer	Jing et al. 2016
	Anti-ovarian cancer, promoted FOXD3 expression, activated miR-199a, and suppresses the expression of TGF-β2	Emodin	20 μmol/L	Ovarian cancer	Song et al. 2018
	Increased accumulation of DOX in SMMC-7721/DOX cells	Rhein	20 μmol/L	Liver cancer	Wu, Cao et al. 2019
	Inhibited human hepatoma cells activity	Resveratrol-4-O-d-(2′-galloyl)-glucopyranoside	2.5 μmol/L	Liver cancer	Xie et al. 2014
	Reduced mean tumor volume and weight in mice		10 mg/kg
	Anti-hepatoma and inhibited STAT3 signaling	2-Ethoxystypandrone	IC50 = 3.69 ± 0.51 μmol/L	Liver cancer	Li, Zhang et al. 2019
			IC50 = 5.58 ± 0.89 μmol/L
	Induced death of tumor cells and inhibited STAT3 and NF-κB pathways	2-Methoxystypandrone	10 μmol/L	Cervical cancer, Breast Cancer, Glioma, Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer	Kuang et al. 2014
	Induced multiple forms of cell death in cancer cells and activated JNK/iNOS/NO pathways	2-Methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyl-juglone	IC50 < 5.5 μmol/L	Lung cancer, Melanoma, Breast cancer	Sun et al. 2016