Table 3. Summary of 2018 transportation conditions for 15 metro areas, and changes when 25% of transit riders and carpools switch to single occupancy vehicles.

The range shows one standard deviation of the predictions. M denotes millions, and B denotes billions. See S3 Table for all 74 modeled metro areas.

	transportation conditions in 2018				prediction for 25% shift
	total commuters (M)	passenger vehicles (M)	transit riders (M) & (% of total commuters)	one-way travel time (min)	passenger vehicles (M)	one-way added time (min)	added $ cost per person per year	total added $ cost per year (B)
New York	8.72	5.16	3.0(34.43%)	31.00	6.05	6.7±2.2	1065.0±357.0	9.41±3.16
San Francisco	2.14	1.49	0.42(19.56%)	34.30	1.65	10.0±1.8	1601.0±280.0	3.86±0.68
Los Angeles	5.92	5.13	0.31(5.24%)	31.60	5.32	1.4±0.5	220.0±76.0	1.71±0.59
Boston	2.30	1.79	0.34(14.90%)	31.70	1.92	3.0±0.8	470.0±128.0	1.32±0.36
Chicago	4.32	3.46	0.57(13.19%)	30.10	3.68	1.4±0.6	216.0±88.0	1.16±0.47
Philadelphia	2.71	2.25	0.29(10.78%)	28.80	2.36	1.8±0.4	291.0±69.0	1.0±0.24
Seattle	1.84	1.46	0.22(11.95%)	30.60	1.55	2.6±0.5	422.0±77.0	0.96±0.17
Houston	3.10	2.81	0.06(2.09%)	30.40	2.88	0.5±0.6	87.0±99.0	0.36±0.42
Dallas	3.49	3.20	0.05(1.42%)	28.80	3.27	0.4±0.4	60.0±63.0	0.28±0.3
San Jose	0.95	0.82	0.04(4.26%)	33.00	0.85	2.2±1.4	344.0±231.0	0.43±0.29
Atlanta	2.68	2.39	0.09(3.27%)	32.40	2.46	0.7±0.5	107.0±81.0	0.38±0.29
Miami	2.77	2.44	0.09(3.38%)	29.90	2.53	0.9±0.5	149.0±84.0	0.55±0.31
Portland	1.12	0.95	0.08(6.92%)	27.00	0.99	1.2±0.4	195.0±71.0	0.28±0.1
Riverside	1.86	1.69	0.02(1.33%)	27.80	1.73	0.5±0.4	80.0±72.0	0.2±0.18
Orlando	1.17	1.06	0.02(1.43%)	29.90	1.09	0.5±0.7	84.0±111.0	0.13±0.18