Table 3.
Results from the generalized linear model with a logit link for the probability of completing induction for 220,570 episodes from 45,608 individuals in British Columbia, Canada, 2008–2018.
| Explanatory variable | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Year | 0.91 | (0.90, 0.91) |
| Individual characteristics | ||
| Male | Reference | |
| Female | 0.77 | (0.74, 0.79) |
| Age | ||
| <40 | Reference | |
| ≥40 | 1.58 | (1.53, 1.63) |
| CDS | ||
| <4 | Reference | |
| ≥4 | 1.11 | (1.06, 1.15) |
| Living area | ||
| Urban | Reference | |
| Rural | 1.54 | (1.47, 1.62) |
| Ever indication of unstable housing | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 0.77 | (0.73, 0.81) |
| Incarceration status | ||
| Never incarcerated | Reference | |
| Previously incarcerated, but currently in community | 0.75 | (0.73, 0.78) |
| Currently incarcerated | 1.28 | (1.21, 1.36) |
| Recent ED or hospital discharge | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.17 | (1.12, 1.21) |
| Ever evidence of social assistance | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 0.93 | (0.90, 0.96) |
| Other comorbidities/diagnoses | ||
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.86 | (0.83, 0.89) |
| Other substance use disorder | 0.97 | (0.93, 1.01) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 1.07 | (0.99, 1.16) |
| Hepatitis C virus | 1.14 | (1.08, 1.21) |
| Mental health condition | 1.25 | (1.20, 1.31) |
| Chronic pain | 1.14 | (1.10, 1.18) |
| History of tobacco use | 1.07 | (1.04, 1.10) |
| Treatment characteristics | ||
| Initiation medication at first year of follow-up (2008) | ||
| Methadone | Reference | |
| Buprenorphine/naloxone | 0.20 | (0.18, 0.22) |
| Initiation medication for mid-point year of follow-up (2013) | ||
| Methadone | Reference | |
| Buprenorphine/naloxone | 0.54 | (0.52, 0.56) |
| Initiation medication for last year observed (2018) | ||
| Methadone | Reference | |
| Buprenorphine/naloxone | 1.46 | (1.40, 1.51) |
| Slow-release oral morphinea | 0.70 | (0.63, 0.78) |
| Episode number | ||
| 1 | Reference | |
| 2 | 1.27 | (1.22, 1.31) |
| 3–4 | 1.22 | |
| 5–6 | 1.14 | (1.18, 1.26) |
| ≥7 | 1.10 | (1.09, 1.18) |
| Initial prescriber characteristics | ||
| Years of OAT prescribing experience | ||
| <1 | Reference | (1.06, 1.14) |
| 1–5 | 0.87 | (0.83, 0.91) |
| 5–10 | 0.97 | (0.93, 1.02) |
| >10 | 1.22 | (1.17, 1.28) |
| OAT client load | ||
| Q1 | Reference | |
| Q2 | 1.01 | (0.97, 1.05) |
| Q3 | 0.96 | (0.93, 1.00) |
| Q4 | 1.07 | (1.03, 1.11) |
| CHC prescriber | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 0.63 | (0.60, 0.66) |
| Estimated variance | 1.05 |
Abbreviations: CDS: Clark chronic disease score, OAT: opioid agonist treatment, CHC: community health center.
a
Slow-release oral morphine was introduced in 2017, and thus not included in estimates prior to 2017.