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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Biling (Camb Engl). 2012 Jul 13;16(2):458–474. doi: 10.1017/s1366728912000272

Table 2.

Word characteristics, means and SDs.

English Spanish


Nouns (N = 87) Verbs (N = 76) Nouns/Verbs (N = 237) Nouns (N = 218) Verbs (N = 182)
Word frequency 104.7 (112.7) 189.8 (747.2) 142.4 (308.9) 99.7 (145.6) 62.5 (161.2)
Word length 6.14 (2.3) 5.3 (1.8) 4.7 (1.4) 6.28 (2.0) 6.5 (1.6)
Number of translations 1.9 (1.2) 2.0 (1.2) 2.8 (1.6) 1.7 (1.1) 2.2 (1.6)
Context availability 5.3 (0.7) 5.2 (0.6) 5.3 (0.6) 5.4 (0.7) 5.2 (0.6)
Concreteness 4.6 (1.3) 3.6 (0.7) 4.5 (1.1) 4.8 (1.1) 4.1 (0.9)
Form similarity 2.8 (3.7) 1.0 (2.5) 1.5 (2.9) 2.3 (3.4) 1.0 (2.4)

Notes: Word frequency is measured in occurrences per million. Word length in letters. Context availability was rated on a scale of 1–10, and concreteness on a scale of 1–7; cognate rating was on a scale of 1–10.