FIG. 1.

TNF-α secretion from mouse macrophage–viable-bacterium cocultures. Thioglycolate-elicited C3Heb/FeJ mouse macrophages were cocultured with 5 × 10⁵ CFU of E. coli O111:B4 or S. aureus M/ml. (a) TNF-α was assayed in supernatants collected at 0 to 6 h, as described in Materials and Methods. (b) Secondary plot of the data in panel a. Specifically, from each datum shown in panel a, the experimental value for TNF-α determined at the immediately preceding experimental time point has been subtracted. (c) Serum TNF-α data taken from reference 24, shown here on a log scale, from the trunk blood of outbred (CF-1) mice challenged intraperitoneally with the same proliferating bacterial strains as those used in the present study. For the in vitro data, three independent experiments were performed; for the in vivo data, two experiments were performed, with five mice per datum per experiment. Data are means ± SEM. ∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.005. For the data lacking error bars, variation was too small to indicate.