Table 3.

Summary of the therapeutic effects of ginsenoside against sepsis.

Ginsenoside	Dosage and administration route	Effects	Experimental models	Ref.
Rb1	5 mg/kg/h 60 min, i.v.	Decrease of NF-κB activity and proinflammatory molecules	LPS-induced ALI in male Wistar rats	[44]
	20 mg/kg, i.g.	Inhibit IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α production	(S. aureus)-induced ALI in Kunming male mice	[47]
	40 mg/kg, i.g.	Downregulate the expression of TLR4 mRNA and inhibited the production of TNF-α	septic shock in SD rats	[48]
Rb2	/	Inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 production	LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells	[45]
Re	10, 20 mg/kg, i.g.	Inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β	LPS-induced inflammation in male ICR mice	[50]
	20 mg/kg, i.g.	Prevent NF-κB and MAPK activation	LPS-induced ALI in male ICR mice	[53]
CK	20, 30, 40 μM	suppressed phosphorylation of IκB-α and NF-κB, MAPK activation	LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells	[54]
	50 mg/kg, 3 d, i.g.	Reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6	Endotoxin-induced lethal shock in male C57BL/6 mice	[56]
Rh1	10, 25, 50 μM	inhibited iNOS, COX-2 protein expression and the activation of NF-κB	LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells	[58]
	126 or 252 μg/mouse, i.v.)	Suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, activation of NF-κB and ERK 1/2 by HMGB1	CLP model in male C57BL/6 mice	[62]
	DEX (1 μM) with Rh1 (10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM)	Inhibit the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes via suppression of the transcriptional activation induced by AP-1 and NFκB	RAW264.7 cells	[61]
Rh2	10, 20, 30 mg/kg, i.g.	blocked iNOS, COX-2, the phosphorylation of IκB-α, ERK, JNK, p38, protein expression	LPS-induced ALI in male ICR mice	[63]
Rg1	15, 30, 60 mg/kg, i.g.	Inhibit the protein expression of TLR4 and its downstream genes including NF-κB and MAPKs	(LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALI in C57BL/6 mice	[68]
	20 μM	Revers the increased expression of TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	[70]
	10 μM	Attenuate NF-κB cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation and downregulation of MAPK phosphorylation	RAW264.7 cells	[72]
Rg5	5, 10 μM	Inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB	Male C57BL/6 mice alveolar macrophages	[73]
	10, 20, 40 μM	suppressing the production of TNF-α and IL-6 and the activation of NF-κB and ERK 1/2	Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	[74]
Rg3	10 mg/kg, i.g	Inhibit IL-1β production via the S-nitrosylation of the NLRP3 inflammasome	LPS-induced endotoxic shock in male C57BL/6 mice	[76]
	10 mg/kg, 3 d, i.g.	reduced the level of IL-1βand TNF-α production	C57BL/6 J mice	[77]
	10, 20 mg/kg, i.g.	Improve mitochondrial dysfunction	CLP-induced sepsis male C57BL/6 mice	[80]
	10, 20, 30 mg/kg, i.g.	Decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines	LPS-induced ALI in male C57Bl/6 mice	[81]