Table 2.

Summary of Main Antitumor Activities of GPs From Experimental Pharmacology Studies

Physicochemical characterizations (molar ratios)	Experimental subjects	Dosage or concentration	Parameter(s)	Main findings	References
purified ginseng polysaccharide (PGPW1) (Glc: Gal: Man: Ara = 3.3: 1.2: 0.5: 1.1)	T24 cell; HGC-27 cell	50, 100 and 200 ug/ml	Antiproliferative activity; Cytotoxic effects; cellular migration and invasion;	inhibited the proliferation of T24 cells from 21.23% at 50 g/ml to 67.3% at 200 g/ml; increased the LDH levels; Inhibited both cells' migration and invasion	[34,35]
purified ginseng polysaccharide (PGP2a) (Gal: Ara: Glu: GlaA = 3.7: 1.6: 0.5: 5.4)	HGC-27 cell	25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ug/mL	cell proliferation; cell apoptosis and cell cycle;	inhibited the cells proliferation; cell apoptotic↑; G2/M phase↑; Bcl-2↓; Bax/Bcl2↑;	[33]
ginseng polysaccharides (GPs)	BALB/c mice	200 and 400 mg/kg (oral gavage for 10 days)	NK cell cytotoxicity; NK cell proportion	NK cell cytotoxicity and proportion in the whole blood significantly increased; perforin↑, granzyme B↑	[54]
GPs (M.W. 11605 kDa, Tople Company, Guangdong, China) extracted from the roots with hot water precipitated by 80% ethanol and deproteinated using the Sevag method	Landrace sows (at day 90 of gestation); piglets	100, 200, 400mg/kg for 28 days; 800mg/kg for 28 days	body weights of piglets; milk of sows; blood samples; antibody levels; enzymes activities; cytokines	body weights significantly improved at 100, 200mg/kg; IgG and specific swine fever antibody levels improved; SOD↑, GSH-Px↑, MDA↓; IL-2↑, IL-6↓, TNF-α↑, IFN-γ↑	[[94], [103]]
ginseng berry polysaccharide extract (GBPE); ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP)	Male C57BL/6J ob/ob mice; HCT-116 and HT-29 cells	vivo: 50, 150mg/kg, oral gavage once a day for 15 consecutive days; vitro: 100, 200ug/ml; vitro: 60, 120, 250 ug/ml	DAI score; inflammatory cytokines; tumorigenesis; cell apoptosis and cell cycle;	reduce the DAI score; IL-1α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, G-CSF↓, tumor size↓ and number↓; inhibited the HCT-116 and HT-29 cells in vivo; Th1↓; Treg↓; G2/M phase↑	[37,57]
GPs from leaves (M.W. 10.2 kDa; 6.4 % neutral sugars, 39.8 % uronic acids, 3.8 % Kdo-like materials)	BALB/c mice; colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell;	vivo: 4,20,100,500 μg/mouse; 5 mice/group(i.v.); vitro: 10, 100 ug/ml	cytokines; tumor metastasis; NK cell activity; antigen-specific antibody production	inhibited lung metastasis; TNF-α↑; IL-12↑ in PEMs; a high level of LDH; NK cell activity↑; OVA-specific cytokine production: serum IgG1↑, IgG2b↑, IL-2↑, IFN-γ↑, GM-CSF↑, IL-10↑; T lymphocyte proliferation↑; lgE↓	[21,58]
ginseng berry polysaccharide portion fractions (GBPP-I: 89.1% neutral sugars, 10.4% uronic acid; GBPP-II: 61.3% neutral sugars, 16.1% uronic acid; GBPP-III: 52.9% neutral sugar, 13.0% uronic acid)	BALB/c mice, B16-BL6 melanoma cells	vivo: 10, 50, 100μg/mouse (p.o. for 15 days); vitro: 10,50,100μg/ml	Anticomplementary Activity, Macrophage Cytotoxicity; Cytokine Production; NK-Mediated Tumor Cytotoxicity; Granzyme	GBPP-I: exhibit anticomplementary activities; IL-6↑, IL-12↑, TNF-α↑; Granzyme B↑; Antimetastatic Activity↑	[56]
non-saponin fractions with rich polysaccharide (NFP) (arginine-fructose-glucose: 11.63 mg/g; acidic polysaccharide: 438.08 mg/g)	SD rat; BALB/C mice; C57BL/6J mice	SD rat: 150mg/kg for 8 weeks (oral gavage); C57BL/6J and BALB/C mice: 75, 150, 300 mg/kg(oral gavage)	IgM Antibody-Producing Cells; Antimetastatic Potential	thymus weight↑, plasma cell↑ at 150mg/kg; increased inhibition of lung metastasis	[55]
Neutral water-soluble polysaccharides from ginseng flowers (WGFPN, M.W.11.0kDa, Gal, 78%, Ara, 14.3% Glc, 5.2% Man, 2.5%)	BALB/c mice	vivo: 25, 50, 100mg/kg/day for 14 days; vitro: 50, 100, 200 ,400ug/ml	Immunomodulatory activity	TNF-α↑, IL-6↑, IL-1β↑, IFN-γ↑ in RAW264.7 cells; body weight↑, spleen↑, thymus indices↑	[48]
Pectins: WGPA-UD (GalA: 24.6%, Rha: 10.8%, Gal: 30.8%, Ara: 20.6%), RG-I-4(Gal: 33.8%, Rha: 21.8%, Gal: 19.5%, Ara: 9.2%), MCP (GalA: 85%, Rha: 1.6%%, Gal: 9.3%, Ara: 4%) and P-galactan (GalA: 11.3%, Rha: 6.1%, Gal: 70% and Ara: 10.0%)	Male ICR mice; Jurkat cells; S-180 cell	vivo: i.p.10mg/kg for 10 days; vitro:0.1, 0.5, 2 mg/ml	Gal-3-mediated T cell activation and apoptosis; Tumor growth	CD69↑; IL-2↓(treated with MCP); c-caspase-3↓(treated with WGPA-UD and RG-I-4); PI3K↑(treated with P-galactan); inhibit tumor growth(WGPA-UD and RG-I-4);	[32]
ginseng-SDF (fucose: galactose: galacturonic acid: glucose: glucuronic acid: D-Glucosamine: mannose: rhamnose: xylose = 8.20: 14.50: 2.31: 58.03: 0.25: 2.12: 2.84: 0.38: 11.37)	SD rat	200, 400, and 800 mg/kg (oral gavage for 15 days)	growth performance of rats; antioxidant status; immune-related factors; cecal health	significant increase in feed intake; MDA↓; GSH-Px↑; T-AOC↑; IGF-1↑; IGF-2↑; IgM↑; IgG↑;	[[93], [104]]
ginseng polysaccharides (GPs)	C57BL/6J mice; humanised PD-1 knock-in (HuPD-1) mice	200mg/kg, Daily oral treatment for 24 days	immunity; cytokines; antitumor effect	CD8+/CD4+ ratio↑; IFN-γ↑; TNF-α↑; GZMB↑; FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells↑	[22]