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. 2023 Jan 12;43:4. doi: 10.1186/s41232-023-00255-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Humoral immune memory responses. A Humoral immune responses to a primary antigen exposure are depicted. Viral infection or vaccination induces B_mem and plasma cells through germinal center reaction, conferring immunological memory. B Memory responses to antigen re-exposure are described. Pre-existing antibodies secreted from long-lived plasma cells rapidly eliminate the viruses, whereas B_mem cells function as a backup reservoir for plasma cells. The figure was created with BioRender.com