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. 2022 Dec 21;613(7943):332–339. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Schematic of our cultivation approach. A sediment core fraction was used as an inoculum for cultivation in sterile-filtered environmental water from the sampling site supplemented with complex organic compounds. The enrichment was then transferred to modified MK-D1 medium⁷. Enrichments of up to 79% were obtained when the cultures were transferred to MLM supplemented with casein hydrolysate. AB, antibiotics. The figure was created using BioRender. b, The composition of the culture with the highest enrichment as assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. c, Growth curves (n = 4) of Loki-B35 in MLM (80:20 N₂:CO₂) supplemented with casein hydrolysate (growth was quantified by qPCR), indicating maximum cell densities of 2.5 × 10⁷ per ml and generation times of about 7–14 days.