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. 2023 Jan 11;13:526. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27436-3

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The composition of the gut microbiome differs between patients with breast cancer and healthy controls. (a) The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio found in patients with BC and HC. The ratios are not significantly different (p = 0.06241). (b) The Chao1 Index was utilized to measure genera richness. This comparison was not significantly different between BC and HC (p = .111). (c) This measurement was also utilized to analyze the species level. There was not a significant difference between the two groups at the species level (p = .129). (d) The Weighted UniFrac distance metric was utilized to analyze beta diversity at the genus level and BC and HC significantly clustered (p = 0.011). (e) This metric was also utilized to analyze the species level and BC and HC again significantly clustered (p = 0.014).