TABLE 3.

Therapeutic role of chia seeds to prevent different types of cancer.

Cancer Type	Common in Gender	Risk Factors	Name of Functional Components in Chia seeds	Reducing Mechanism	References
Breast Cancer	Female	Radiation exposure and obesity	Antioxidants and omega‐3 fatty acid	Omega‐3‐ atty acids reduce the TG and bad cholesterol levels that prevent the body from being overweight. Antioxidants inhibit the oxidation process that can aid to prevent cell damage.	Hu et al. (2021), James et al. (2015), Prathyusha et al. (2019)
Colorectal Cancer	Male	Inflammatory bowel disease and adenomatous polyps	Fiber and antioxidants	Fiber is not digestible in the body that inhibits constipation by softening the stool. Antioxidants aid in inhibiting inflammation of cells by providing the radical during oxidation.	Knez Hrnčič et al. (2020), Lukas (2010), Muñoz et al. (2012), Schmitt and Greten (2021)
Liver Cancer	Male	Chronic infection, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Phenolic compound, fiber, and omega‐3 fatty acid	Omega‐3 fatty acids and fiber can reduce the chances of saturated fat in the body that are suitable for a healthy liver. Phenolic compounds act as an antioxidant that can reduce inflammation.	Coates (2011), Fernández‐Palanca et al. (2021), Muñoz et al. (2012), Sun and Karin (2012)
Pancreatic Cancer	Male	Obesity, diet, and diabetes	Tocopherols, phytosterols, fiber, and polyphenols	Tocopherols and phytosterols reduce bad cholesterol and prevent obesity. Fiber is a nondigestible polysaccharide that reduces blood glucose and cholesterol levels.	Kulczyński et al. (2019), Yadav and Lowenfels (2013)