TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Study	Duration (weeks)	Population	Location	Age	No. of probiotics/control (No. of users of antihypertensive medication)	Probiotic type	Changes from baseline SBP/DBP (mmHg)
							Probiotic	Control
Office BP
Agerholm‐Larsen et al. (2000)	8	Overweight	Denmark	37.8	16/14	Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium	−8.00/−4.00	−2.20/−1.50
Ahn et al. (2015)	12	Hypertriglyceridemic	Korea	54.1	46/46	L. plantarum, L. curvatus	−1.60/−0.30	0.90/1.50
Bahmani et al. (2016)	8	DM	Iran	52.0	25/26	L. sporogenes	−6.40/−3.80	−5.70/−5.20
Costabile et al. (2017)	12	Hypercholesterolemic	United Kingdom	52.3	23/23	L. plantarum	0.50/0.00	4.70/2.40
Firouzi et al. (2017)	12	DM, Hyperlipidemia	Malaysia	52.9	48/53	L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis	−8.10/−2.90	−4.60/−0.40
Hariri et al. (2015)	8	DM	Iran	56.9	20/20	L. planetarium A7	−12.37/−6.75	0.75/−1.50
Hata et al. (1996)	8	Hypertension	Japan	76.5	17/13 (16/10)	L. helveticus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae	−14.10/−6.60	−4.40/−2.20
Hsieh et al. (2018)	24	DM	Taiwan	52.3	22/22	L. reuteri	−2.82/−0.91	1.95/0.36
Ibrahim et al. (2018)	12	Male	Malaysia	23.0	10/10	L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, B. bifidum, B. infantis, B. longum	0.70/2.40	2.40/1.40
Jauhiainen et al. (2010)	24	Hypertension	Finland	49.0	45/44	L. helveticus	−4.60/−3.70	−2.60/−1.70
Jones et al. (2012)	9	Hypercholesterolemic	Czech	50.6	62/62	L. reuteri	0.18/−1.46	−1.18/−0.16
Jung et al. (2013)	12	Overweight, Obese,	Korea	/	28/29	L. gasseri	1.20/0.60	1.30/0.40
Jung et al. (2015)	12	Overweight	Korea	40.1	49/46	L. plantarum, L. curvatus	−1.90/−2.40	0.20/0.70
Khalili et al. (2019)	8	DM	Iran	44.0	20/20	L. casei	−4.95/−3.00	0.50/1.50
Lee, Lee, et al. (2017)	12	Age > 60, Nondiabetic	Korea	65.7	73/79	L. paracasei, B. lactis, heat‐treated L. plantarum	−1.42/−1.41	−2.23/−0.20
Mahboobi et al. (2014)	8	Prediabetes	Iran	51.0	28/27	L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, B. breve, B. longum, Streptococcus thermophilus	−3.10/−0.33	3.24/2.77
Michael et al. (2021)	37	Overweight	Bulgaria	52.4	35/35	L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, B. bifidum, B. animalis subsp. lactis	1.02/−0.74	−0.08/−0.66
Mobini et al. (2017)	12	DM, Obesity	Sweden	64.0	14/15	L. reuteri	−3.00/−2.00	0.00/−1.00
Naito et al. (2018)	8	Obese Prediabetic	Japan	46.6	48/50	L. casei	−3.70/−2.60	1.80/1.60
Raygan et al. (2018)	12	DM, CHD	Iran	60.7	30/30	B. bifidum, L. casei, L. acidophilus	−1.90/−1.70	−1.30/−1.10
Romao et al. (2020)	8	Hypertension	Brazil	43.3	19/17 (17/16)	L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, B. lactis	−5.00/−2.00	−2.00/2.00
Sabico et al. (2019)	24	DM	Saudi Arabia	48.0	31/30	B. bifidum, B. lactis, L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L. salivarius, L. lactis	−4.20/−2.60	−0.30/−1.30
Seppo et al. (2003)	21	Hypertension	Finland	50.9	22/17 (9/7)	L. helveticus	−15.40/−9.30	−9.40/−5.50
Szulinska et al. (2018)	12	Obese postmenopausal women	Poland	55.2	23/24	B. bifidum, B. lactis, L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L. salivarius, L. lactis	−3.40/−0.52	−2.12/−1.79
Tuomilehto et al. (2004)	10	Mild hypertension	Finland	51.3	30/29	L. helveticus	−15.80/−10.30	−13.50/−9.80
Usinger et al. (2010)	8	Prehypertensive and borderline hypertensive subjects	Denmark	54.0	29/30	L. helveticus	−7.00/−3.40	−3.80/−1.70
Ambulatory BP
Hove et al. (2015)	12	DM	Denmark	58.5	23/18	L. helveticus	−3.00/−2.00	2.00/1.00
Jauhiainen et al. (2012)	12	Hypertension	Finland	49.0	45/44	L. helveticus	−2.30/−1.80	0.30/−0.50
Usinger et al. (2010)	8	Prehypertensive and borderline hypertensive subjects	Denmark	54.0	29/30	L. helveticus	−2.7/−1.8	−1.1/−0.7

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.