FIGURE 3.

Acrylamide‐induced cell apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. The expressions of cleaved caspase‐3 and cleaved poly ADP‐ribose protein (PARP) (a), as well as Beclin‐1 and LC3 (b), were detected by western blot after cells were treated with different concentrations of acrylamide for 24 h. (c) Effects of acrylamide on caspase‐1, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) release were detected by an appropriate test kit. The results were presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation) (n = 3). *p < .05 and **p < .01 vs. control.