TABLE 2.
Summary of the rutin‐induced protective effects on the kidney
| Toxic agent | Dose/concentration, period, and route of exposure (toxic agent) | Dose/concentration, period, and route of exposure (rutin) | Experimental model | Results of rutin exposure | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vancomycin | 200 mg/kg for 7 days (intraperitoneal) | 150 mg/kg for 7 days (oral) |
Male Wistar rats |
Decreased NAG, BUN, Cr, MDA, NO, iNOS, caspase‐9, caspase‐3, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α Increased GSH, CAT, SOD, and Nrf2 mRNA |
(Qu, Dai, Lang, et al., 2019) |
| 2 mM for 24 h | 5, 10, and 20 μM | LLC‐PK1 cells |
Decreased ROS, caspase‐3, caspase‐7, and caspase‐9 Increased SOD, CAT, and MMP |
(Qu, Dai, Guo, et al., 2019) | |
| Gentamicin | 80 mg/kg for 8 days (intraperitoneal) |
150 mg/kg for 6 days (oral) |
Male Sprague–Dawley |
Decreased MDA, CR, BUN, iNOS, cleaved caspase‐3, and LC3B Increased SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH |
(Kandemir et al., 2015) |
| Cisplatin | 10 μg/ml for 24 h | 12.5 and 25 μM for 1 h | Human mesangial cells |
Decreased ROS, MDA, p53, cleaved caspase‐3, procaspase‐3, procaspase‐9 TNF‐α, NF‐κB, and IL‐1β Increased SOD |
(Zhang, Wang, et al., 2019) |
| Single dose of 7.5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) | 200 mg/kg/day for 10 days (oral) | Male Wistar rats |
Decreased caspase‐3, cytochrome c, Cr, urea, MDA, TNF‐α, NF‐κB, and IL‐1β Increased GSH |
(Radwan & Abdel Fattah, 2017) | |
| Single dose of 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) | 30 mg/kg for 14 days (oral) | Male Wistar rats | Decreased BUN, Cr, MDA, IL‐1α, TNF α, p38, MKK4, MKK7, and JNK | (Alhoshani et al., 2017) | |
| 7 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) | 75 and 150 mg/kg for 21 days (oral) | Male Wistar rats |
Decreased MDA, XO, H2O2, Cr, BUN, TNF‐α, NF‐κB, and caspase‐3 Increased GSH, GST, GR, and GPX |
(Arjumand et al., 2011) | |
| Potassium bromates | 20 mg/kg for 4 weeks (oral) | 50 mg/kg for 4 weeks (oral) | Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
Decreased nitrite, Cr, BUN, MDA, AgNORs, and DNA injuries Increased CAT, SOD, GSH‐Px, GR, GST, total protein, albumin, and globulin |
(Khan et al., 2012b) |
| Mercuric chloride |
1.23 mg/kg for 7 days (intraperitoneal) |
50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days (oral) | Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
Decreased MDA, urea, Cr, TNF‐α, Bcl‐3, IL‐1β, NF‐κB, IL‐33, MAPK 14, Bax, p53, caspase‐3, and 8‐OHdG Increased SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and AQP1 |
(Caglayan, Kandemir, Yildirim, et al., 2019) |
| Lead acetate | 30 mg/kg for 7 days (oral) |
50 mg/day for 7 days (oral) |
Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
Decreased BUN, Cr, and uric acid Increased GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD |
(Ansar et al., 2016) |
| Deltamethrin | 1.28 mg/kg for 30 days (oral) | 25 and 50 mg/kg for 30 days (oral) | Male Sprague–Dawley rats |
Decreased ALT, AST, ALP, urea, Cr, TNF‐α, NF‐κB, IL‐1β, p38 MAPK, COX‐2, iNOS, beclin‐1, Bax, and caspase‐3 Increased SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH |
(Küçükler et al., 2021) |
| Carfilzomib |
4 mg/kg, for 3 weeks (intraperitoneal) |
10 mg/kg for 3 weeks (oral) | Male Wistar rats |
Decreased Cr, BUN, MDA, NOS‐2, NF‐κB, IkBa, IL‐17, caspase‐3, and p65 Increased RBCs, WBCs, platelets, Hb, HCT, GSH, CAT, and GR |
(Al‐Harbi et al., 2019) |
| Hexachlorobutadiene | Single dose of 100 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) | 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) | Female Wistar rats |
Decreased MDA, urea, Cr, and urine glucose and protein Increased total thiol |
(Sadeghnia et al., 2013) |
| Lipopolysaccharide | Single dose 10 mg/kg, (intraperitoneal) | Single doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg (oral) | Female C57BL/6 mice |
Decreased Cr, BUN, MDA, COX‐2, TLR4, SIRT1, TNF‐α, caspase‐3, and IL‐6 Increased SOD and GSH |
(Khajevand‐Khazaei et al., 2018) |
| Potassium oxonate | 250 mg/kg for 7 days (oral) | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 7 days (oral) | Male Kunming mice |
Decreased Cr, BUN, uric acid, mGLUT9, and mURAT1 Upregulated mOAT1, mOCT1‐2, and urinary uromodulin |
(Chen et al., 2013) |