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. 2023 Jan 10;95(1):319–356. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) Principle of nanopore sensing. A nanoscale size pore separates two reservoirs filled with electrolyte solutions. Electrodes are placed in each reservoir and a constant voltage bias is applied across the nanopore causing a charged molecule (e.g., DNA molecule) to translocate through the nanopore. Reproduced from Kowalczyk, S. W.; Wells, D. B.; Aksimentiev, A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2012, 12 (2), 1038–1044 (ref (33)). Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. (B) Schematic of a nanopore array setup used for addressing translocation of nanoparticles through multiple nanopores. Reproduced from Wen, C.; Zeng, S.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, S. L. Anal. Chem.2018, 90 (22), 13483–13490 (ref (53)). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (C) SEM image of quad-barrel nanopipette depicting ionic current traces from each barrel used for the translocation of 10 kbp DNA molecules from inside the barrel into the bath. Reproduced from Cadinu, P.; Kang, M.; Nadappuram, B. P.; Ivanov, A. P.; Edel, J. B. Nano Lett.2020, 20 (3), 2012–2019 (ref (58)). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (D) Example of machine-learning assisted nanopore readout workflow for identification of virus particles. Reproduced from Arima, A.; Tsutsui, M.; Washio, T.; Baba, Y.; Kawai, T. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93 (1), 215–227 (ref (62)). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (E) Custom design of a stand-alone microfluidic device with integrated solid-state nanopore. The device compromises of multiple components to streamline fluidic, temperature, and electronic control. Reproduced from A Solid-State Hard Microfluidic-Nanopore Biosensor with Multilayer Fluidics and On-Chip Bioassay/Purification Chamber, Varongchayakul, N.; Hersey, J.; Squires, A.; Meller, A.; Grinstaff, M. Adv. Funct. Mater., Vol. 28, Issue 50 (ref (63)). Copyright 2018 Wiley. (F) Schematic depicting a solid-state nanopore with an integrated plasmonic nanostructure for optical signal enhancement. Reproduced from Fried, J. P.; Wu, Y.; Tilley, R. D.; Gooding, J. J. Nano Lett.2022, 22 (3), 869–880 (ref (10)). Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.